Long-acting interferons and derivatives thereof and methods thereof

ABSTRACT

A polypeptide and polynucleotides encoding same comprising carboxy-terminal peptides (CTP) of chorionic gonadotrophin attached to an IFN protein are disclosed. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the polypeptide and polynucleotides of the invention and methods of using same are also disclosed.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This Application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 11/700,911, filed Feb. 1, 2007, which claims priority of U.S.Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/764,761, filed Feb. 3, 2006, whichis hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference herein

FIELD OF INVENTION

A polypeptide and polynucleotides encoding same comprising at least twocarboxy-terminal peptides (CTP) of chorionic gonadotrophin attached toan IFN protein are disclosed. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising thepolypeptide and polynucleotides of the invention and methods of usingsame are also disclosed.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Polypeptides are susceptible to denaturation or enzymatic degradation inthe blood, liver or kidney. Accordingly, polypeptides typically haveshort circulatory half-lives of several hours. Because of their lowstability, peptide drugs are usually delivered in a sustained frequencyso as to maintain an effective plasma concentration of the activepeptide. Moreover, since peptide drugs are usually administrated byinfusion, frequent injection of peptide drugs cause considerablediscomfort to a subject. Thus, there is a need for technologies thatwill prolong the half-lives of therapeutic polypeptides whilemaintaining a high pharmacological efficacy thereof. Such desirouspeptide drugs should also meet the requirements of enhanced serumstability, high activity and a low probability of inducing an undesiredimmune response when injected into a subject.

Unfavorable pharmacokinetics, such as a short serum half-life, canprevent the pharmaceutical development of many otherwise promising drugcandidates. Serum half-life is an empirical characteristic of amolecule, and must be determined experimentally for each new potentialdrug. For example, with lower molecular weight polypeptide drugs,physiological clearance mechanisms such as renal filtration can make themaintenance of therapeutic levels of a drug unfeasible because of costor frequency of the required dosing regimen. Conversely, a long serumhalf-life is undesirable where a drug or its metabolites have toxic sideeffects.

Interferons (IFNs) are a family of functionally related cytokines thatexhibit antiviral, antiproliferative and immunomodulatory activities.They are divided into two groups, designated type I and type II IFNs.The type I IFNs include the IFN-α family (e.g. IFN-α2a, IFN-α2b,IFN-αn3, and IFN-αcon-1), IFN-β and IFN-omega. They are all structurallyrelated and compete for the same cell surface receptor. Type Iinterferons are produced in many cell types upon infection by a varietyof viruses. IFN-γ is the sole member of the type II IFNs. It is acidlabile, binds to its own specific receptor and is produced by activatedT cells and NK cells.

Type I and Type II IFNs have overlapping but clearly distinct biologicalactivities. Type I IFNs induce antiproliferative and antiviral activity,while type II IFN-γ≡has weaker antiviral activity but more potentimmunomodulatory properties. IFN-γ exhibits also immune functions,including macrophage activation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a polypeptidecomprising an interferon (IFN) protein and at least one chorionicgonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptide (CTP) attached to an aminoterminus of an interferon protein and at least two chorionicgonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptides attached to a carboxy terminusof an interferon protein.

In another embodiment, the present invention further provides apolynucleotide comprising a coding portion encoding a polypeptide,wherein the polypeptide comprises an interferon (IFN) protein and atleast one chorionic gonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptide (CTP)attached to an amino terminus of an interferon protein and at least twochorionic gonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptides attached to a carboxyterminus of an interferon protein.

In another embodiment, the present invention further provides a methodof improving a biological half life of an interferon (IFN) protein,comprising the step of attaching at least one chorionic gonadotrophincarboxy terminal peptide to an amino terminus of an interferon (IFN)protein and at least two chorionic gonadotrophin carboxy terminalpeptide to a carboxy terminus of an IFN protein, thereby improving abiological half life of an interferon (IFN) protein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a Western blot illustrating the molecular weight & identity ofAvonex, MOD-9013 (SEQ ID NO: 9), MOD-9016 (SEQ ID NO: 15), MOD-9015 (SEQID NO: 13), MOD-9012 (SEQ ID NO: 7), MOD-9011 (SEQ ID NO: 5) and Mock.PAGE SDS gel was blotted and stained using monoclonal anti-IFN-β1Aantibodies (B). The photograph indicates that like commercial Avonex,MOD-901X variants are recognized by anti IFN-β1A antibodies.

FIG. 2 Mean plasma IFN-β1a or MOD-901× varients concentrations (ng/ml)following single-dose IV administration of IFN-β1a or MOD-901× varientsin SD rats (n=3 per dose/route/timepoint). IFN-β1a serum concentrationswere determined using commercial ELISA kit.

FIG. 3 MOD-9010 (A), MOD-9011 (B), MOD-9012 (C), MOD-9013 (D), MOD-9014(E), MOD-9015 (F), and MOD-9016 (G) amino acid sequences (AA) followedby DNA sequences. Underline: Signal sequence, Black letters: Matureprotein, Italic: CTP unit.

FIG. 4 are graphs showing the mean plasma concentrations (ng/ml) ofRebif, MOD-9012, and MOD-9013 following single-dose IV or SCadministration of IFN-β1a or MOD-9012, and MOD-9013 in SD rats (n=3 perdose/route/timepoint). IFN-β1a serum concentrations were determinedusing commercial ELISA kit.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment, the present invention provides long-actingpolypeptides and methods of producing and using same. In anotherembodiment, long-acting polypeptides comprise carboxy terminal peptide(CTP, also referred to as CTP unit) and an interferon (IFN) protein. Inanother embodiment, long-acting polypeptides comprise carboxy terminalpeptide (CTP) and human interferon (IFN) protein. In another embodiment,CTP acts as a protectant against degradation of proteins or peptides. Inanother embodiment, CTP extends circulatory half-lives of proteins orpeptides. In some embodiments, CTP enhances the potency of proteins orpeptides.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a polypeptidecomprising an interferon (IFN) protein and at least one chorionicgonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptide (CTP) attached to an aminoterminus of an interferon protein and at least two chorionicgonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptides attached to a carboxy terminusof an interferon protein. In another embodiment, the present inventionprovides a polypeptide comprising one chorionic gonadotrophin carboxyterminal peptide attached to an amino terminus of an interferon proteinand two chorionic gonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptides attached to acarboxy terminus of an interferon protein.

In another embodiment, “CTP peptide,” “carboxy terminal peptide”and“CTPsequence” are used interchangeably herein. In another embodiment, thecarboxy terminal peptide is a full-length CTP. In another embodiment,the carboxy terminal peptide is a truncated CTP. Each possibilityrepresents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, “signal sequence” and “signal peptide” are usedinterchangeably herein. In another embodiment, “sequence” when inreference to a polynucleotide can refer to a coding portion. Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, “peptide of interest” and “polypeptidesequence-of-interest” are used interchangeably herein. In anotherembodiment, the peptide of interest is a full-length protein. In anotherembodiment, the peptide of interest is a protein fragment. Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.In another embodiment, the peptide of interest is an interferon protein.

In another embodiment, the carboxy-terminal peptide (CTP) sequence is ofhuman chorionic gonadotrophin. In another embodiment, thecarboxy-terminal peptide (CTP) is attached to the polypeptide sequenceof interest via a linker. In another embodiment, the linker whichconnects the CTP sequence to the polypeptide sequence of interest is acovalent bond. In another embodiment, the linker which connects the CTPsequence to the polypeptide sequence of interest is a peptide bond. Inanother embodiment, the linker which connects the CTP sequence to thepolypeptide sequence of interest is a substituted peptide bond. Inanother embodiment, the carboxy-terminal peptide (CTP) sequencecomprises an amino acid sequence selected from the sequences set forthin SEQ ID NO: 17 and SEQ ID NO: 18.

In another embodiment, SEQ ID NO: 17 comprise the following amino acid(AA) sequence: DPRFQDSSSSKAPPPSLPSPSRLPGPSDTPIL (SEQ ID NO: 17). Inanother embodiment, SEQ ID NO: 18 comprise the following amino acid (AA)sequence:

SSSSKAPPPSLPSPSRLPGPSDTPILPQ. (SEQ ID NO: 18)

In another embodiment, at least one carboxy-terminal peptide (CTP)sequence comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the sequencesset forth in SEQ ID NO: 17 and SEQ ID NO: 18. In another embodiment, atleast one carboxy-terminal peptide (CTP) is glycosylated. In anotherembodiment, at least one carboxy-terminal peptide (CTP) is truncated.

In another embodiment, the polypeptide of the present invention furthercomprises a signal peptide for the secretion of the polypeptides of thepresent invention. In some embodiments, signal sequences include, butare not limited to the endogenous signal sequence for IFN. In anotherembodiment, the polypeptides and methods of the present inventionprovide an IFN protein having additionally a signal peptide of SEQ IDNO: 19 and at least one CTP peptide on the N-terminus and at least oneCTP peptide on the C-terminus. In another embodiment, the polypeptidesand methods of the present invention provide an IFN protein havingadditionally on the N-terminus the signal peptide of SEQ ID NO: 19 andat least one CTP peptide on the N-terminus and at least two CTP peptideson the C-terminus. In another embodiment, the polypeptides and methodsof the present invention provide an IFN protein having additionally onthe N-terminus the signal peptide of SEQ ID NO: 19 and a single CTPpeptide on the N-terminus and two CTP peptides on the C-terminus. Inanother embodiment, SEQ ID NO: 19 comprise the following amino acid (AA)sequence: MTNKCLLQIALLLCFSTTALS (SEQ ID NO: 19).

In another embodiment, the interferon (IFN) is a type I interferon. Inanother embodiment, the interferon (IFN) is IFN-{tilde over (α)} Inanother embodiment, the interferon (IFN) is IFN-{tilde over (β)} Inanother embodiment, the interferon (IFN) is IFN-γ. In anotherembodiment, an interferon (IFN) peptide as described herein comprises anamino acid sequence as described herein including the sequences providedin FIG. 3. In another embodiment, a polypeptide of the inventioncomprising interferon (IFN) peptide and at least one CTP unit attachedto an amino and/or a carboxy terminus of the polypeptide as describedherein comprises an amino acid sequence as described herein includingthe sequences provided in FIG. 3. In another embodiment, an interferon(IFN) peptide as described herein comprises an amino acid sequence setforth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In another embodiment, SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises thefollowing amino acid (AA) sequence:

MTNKCLLQIALLLCFSTTALSMSYNLLGFLQRSSNFQCQKLLWQLNGRLEYCLKDRMNFDIPEEIKQLQQFQKEDAALTIYEMLQNIFAIFRQDSSSTGWNETIVENLLANVYHQINHLKTVLEEKLEKEDFTRGKLMSSLHLKRYYGRILHYLKAKEYSHCAWTIVRVEILRNFYFI NRLTGYLRN(SEQ ID NO: 1, Human Interferon-β 1a-MOD-9010). In another embodiment,an interferon (IFN) peptide as described herein comprises an amino acidsequence of human interferon β1a (hIFN β1a). In another embodiment, aninterferon (IFN) peptide as described herein comprises an amino acidsequence set fourth in GenBank Accession No. NP_(—)002167.1.

In another embodiment, an interferon (IFN) peptide as described hereinis encoded by a nucleotide acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2. Inanother embodiment, SEQ ID NO: 2 comprises the following nucleotide acid(NA) sequence: tctagaggacatgaccaacaagtgcctgctgcagatc{tilde over(g)}ccctgctgctgtgcttcagcaccaccgccctgagcatgagctacaacctgctgggcttcctgcagaggtccagcaacttccagtgccagaagctgctgtggcagctgaacggcaggctggaatactgcctgaaggacaggatgaacttcgacatcccagaggaaatcaagcagctgcagcagttccagaaggaggacgccgccctgaccatctacgagatgctgcagaacatctcgccatcttcaggcaggacagcagcagcaccggctggaacgagaccatcgtggagaacctgctggccaacgtgtaccaccagatcaaccacctgaaaaccgtgctggaagagaagctggaaaaggaggacttcaccaggggcaagctgatgagcagcctgcacctgaagaggtactacggcagaatcctgcactacctgaaggccaaggagtacagccactgcgcctggaccatcgtgagggtggagatcctgaggaacttctacttcatcaacaggctgaccggctacctgaggaactgatgagtccgcggccgc (SEQ ID NO: 2,Human Interferon-β 1a-MOD-9010). In another embodiment, an interferon(IFN) peptide as described herein is encoded by a nucleotide acid (NA)molecule of human interferon β1a (hIFN β1a). In another embodiment, aninterferon (IFN) peptide as described herein is encoded by a nucleotideacid (NA) molecule comprising a nucleotide acid sequence set fourth inGenBank Accession No. NM_(—)002176.

In another embodiment, an interferon (IFN) peptide as described hereincomprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3. In anotherembodiment, SEQ ID NO: 3 comprises the following amino acid (AA)sequence: TF*LQPFEAFALAQQVVGDTVRVVNMTNKCLLQIALLLCFSTTALSMSYNLLGFLQRSSNFQCQKLLWQLNGRLEYCLKDRMNFDIPEEIKQLQQFQKEDAALTIYEMLQNIFAIFRQDSSSTGWNETIVENLLANVYHQINHLKTVLEEKLEKEDFTRGKLMSSLHLKRYYGRILHYLKAKEYSHCAWTIVFRVEILRNFYFINRLTGYLRN (SEQ ID NO: 3).

In another embodiment, an interferon (IFN) peptide as described hereinis encoded by a nucleotide acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4. Inanother embodiment, SEQ ID NO: 2 comprises the following nucleotide acid(NA) sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 4) acattctaactgcaacctttcgaagcctttgctctggcacaacaggtagtaggcgacactgttcgtgttgtcaacatgaccaacaagtgtctcctccaaattgctctcctgttgtgcttctccactacagctctttccatgagctacaacttgcttggattcctacaaagaagcagcaattttcagtgtcagaagctcctgtggcaattgaatgggaggcttgaatactgcctcaaggacaggatgaactttgacatccctgaggagattaagcagctgcagcagttccagaaggaggacgccgcattgaccatctatgagatgctccagaacatctttgctattttcagacaagattcatctagcactggctggaatgagactattgttgagaacctcctggctaatgtctatcatcagataaaccatctgaagacagtcctggaagaaaaactggagaaagaagatttcaccaggggaaaactcatgagcagtctgcacctgaaaagatattatgggaggattctgcattacctgaaggccaaggagtacagtcactgtgcctggaccatagtcagagtggaaatcctaaggaacttttacttcattaacagacttacaggttacctccgaaact  ga.

In another embodiment, the polypeptide as described herein comprises aninterferon (IFN) peptide and a CTP unit. In another embodiment, thepolypeptide as described herein comprises an interferon (IFN) peptideand a CTP unit attached to the carboxy terminus. In another embodiment,the polypeptide as described herein comprises an interferon (IFN)peptide and at least one CTP unit attached to the carboxy terminus. Inanother embodiment, the polypeptide as described herein comprises aninterferon (IFN) peptide and a CTP unit attached to the amino terminus.In another embodiment, the polypeptide as described herein comprises aninterferon (IFN) peptide and at least one CTP unit attached to the aminoterminus. In another embodiment, the polypeptide as described hereincomprises an interferon (IFN) peptide, at least one CTP unit attached tothe amino terminus, and at least one CTP unit attached to the carboxyterminus. In another embodiment, the polypeptide as described hereincomprises an interferon (IFN) peptide, at least one CTP unit attached tothe amino terminus, and two CTP units in tandem attached to the carboxyterminus. In another embodiment, the polypeptide as described hereincomprises an interferon (IFN) peptide, at least one CTP unit attached tothe amino terminus, and two CTP units attached to the carboxy terminus.In another embodiment, the polypeptide as described herein comprises aninterferon (IFN) peptide, one CTP unit attached to the amino terminus,and at least two CTP units attached to the carboxy terminus. In anotherembodiment, the polypeptide as described herein comprises an interferon(IFN) peptide, one CTP unit attached to the amino terminus, and two CTPunits attached to the carboxy terminus. In another embodiment, thepolypeptide as described herein comprises an interferon (IFN) peptide,one CTP unit attached to the amino terminus, and at least two CTP unitsattached to the carboxy terminus. In another embodiment, the polypeptideas described herein comprises an interferon (IFN) peptide, one CTP unitattached to the amino terminus, and at least two CTP units in tandemattached to the carboxy terminus.

In another embodiment, the polypeptide as described herein comprises aninterferon (IFN) peptide and at least three CTP units. In anotherembodiment, the polypeptide as described herein comprises an interferon(IFN) peptide and three CTP units. In another embodiment, thepolypeptide as described herein comprises an interferon (IFN)peptide—CTP polypeptide encoded by an amino acid sequence comprising theamino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5. In another embodiment,SEQ ID NO: 5 comprises the following amino acid (AA) sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 5, MOD-9011)MTNKCLLQIALLLCFSTTALSMSYNLLGFLQRSSNFQCQKLLWQLNGRLEYCLKDRMNFDIPEEIKQLQQFQKEDAALTIYEMLQNIFAIFRQDSSSTGWNETIVENLLANVYHQINHLKTVLEEKLEKEDFTRGKLMSSLHLKRYYGRILHYLKAKEYSHCAWTIVRVEILRNFYFINRLTGYLRNSSSSKAPPPSLPSPSRLPGPSDTPILPQ.

In another embodiment, the polypeptide as described herein comprising aninterferon (IFN) peptide—and CTP is encoded by a nucleic acid moleculeset forth in SEQ ID NO: 6. In another embodiment, SEQ ID NO: 6 comprisesthe following nucleotide acid (NA) sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 6, MOD-9011)tctagaggacatgaccaacaagtgcctgctgcagatcgccctgctgctgtgcttcagcaccaccgccctgagcatgagctacaacctgctgggcttcctgcagaggtccagcaacttccagtgccagaagctgctgtggcagctgaacggcaggctggaatactgcctgaaggacaggatgaacttcgacatcccagaggaaatcaagcagctgcagcagttccagaaggaggacgccgccctgaccatctacgagatgctgcagaacatcttcgccatcttcaggcaggacagcagcagcaccggctggaacgagaccatcgtggagaacctgctggccaacgtgtaccaccagatcaaccacctgaaaaccgtgctggaagagaagctggaaaaggaggacttcaccaggggcaagctgatgagcagcctgcacctgaagaggtactacggcagaatcctgcactacctgaaggccaaggagtacagccactgcgcctggaccatcgtgagggtggagatcctgaggaacttctacttcatcaacaggctgaccggctacctgaggaacagctccagcagcaaggcccctccaccttccctgcccagtccaagccgactccctgggccctccgatacaccaattctgccacagtgatga.

In another embodiment, the polypeptide as described herein comprises aninterferon (IFN) peptide and two CTP units attached to its carboxyterminus. In another embodiment, the polypeptide as described hereincomprises an interferon (IFN) peptide—CTP (×2) encoded by an amino acidsequence comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7.In another embodiment, SEQ ID NO: 7 comprises the following amino acid(AA) sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 7, MOD-9012)MTNKCLLQIALLLCFSTTALSMSYNLLGFLQRSSNFQCQKLLWQLNGRLEYCLKDRMNFDIPEEIKQLQQFQKEDAALTIYEMLQNIFAIFRQDSSSTGWNETIVENLLANVYHQINHLKTVLEEKLEKEDFTRGKLMSSLHLKRYYGRILHYLKAKEYSHCAWTIVRVEILRNFYFINRLTGYLRNSSSSKAPPPSLPSPSRLPGPSDTPILPQSSSSKAPPPSLPSPSRLPGPSDTPI LPQ. 

In another embodiment, the polypeptide as described herein comprising aninterferon (IFN) peptide—and two CTP units attached to its carboxyterminus is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule set forth in SEQ ID NO:8. In another embodiment, SEQ ID NO: 8 comprises the followingnucleotide acid (NA) sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 8, MOD-9012)tctagaggacatgaccaacaagtgcctgctgcagatcgccctgctgctgtgcttcagcaccaccgccctgagcatgagctacaacctgctgggcttcctgcagaggtccagcaacttccagtgccagaagctgctgtggcagctgaacggcaggctggaatactgcctgaaggacaggatgaacttcgacatcccagaggaaatcaagcagctgcagcagttccagaaggaggacgccgccctgaccatctacgagatgctgcagaacatcttcgccatcttcaggcaggacagcagcagcaccggctggaacgagaccatcgtggagaacctgctggccaacgtgtaccaccagatcaaccacctgaaaaccgtgctggaagagaagctggaaaaggaggacttcaccaggggcaagctgatgagcagcctgcacctgaagaggtactacggcagaatcctgcactacctgaaggccaaggagtacagccactgcgcctggaccatcgtgagggtggagatcctgaggaacttctacttcatcaacaggctgaccggctacctgaggaacagctccagcagcaaggcccctccaccttccctgcccagtccaagccgactccctgggccctccgacacaccaatcctgccacagagcagctcctctaaggcccctcctccatccctgccatccccctcccggctgcctggcccctctgacacccctatcctgcctcagtgatgaaggtctggatccgcggccgc.

In another embodiment, the polypeptide as described herein comprises aninterferon (IFN) peptide, a single CTP unit attached to the IFN's aminoterminus, and two CTP units attached to the IFN's carboxy terminus. Inanother embodiment, the polypeptide as described herein comprises aninterferon (IFN) peptide, a single CTP unit attached to the IFN's aminoterminus and two CTP units attached in tandem to the IFN's carboxyterminus. In another embodiment, the polypeptide as described hereincomprises (from amino to carboxy termini): CTP (×1)-interferon (IFN)peptide—CTP (×2) comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ IDNO: 9. In another embodiment, SEQ ID NO: 9 comprises the following aminoacid (AA) sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 9, MOD-9013)MTNKCLLQIALLLCFSTTALSSSSSKAPPPSLPSPSRLPGPSDTPILPQMSYNLLGFLQRSSNFQCQKLLWQLNGRLEYCLKDRMNFDIPEEIKQLQQFQKEDAALTIYEMLQNIFAIFRQDSSSTGWNETIVENLLANVYHQINHLKTVLEEKLEKEDFTRGKLMSSLHLKRYYGRILHYLKAKEYSHCAWTIVRVEILRNFYFINRLTGYLRNSSSSKAPPPSLPSPSRLPGPSDTPILPQSSSSKAPPPSLPSPSRLPGPSDTPILPQ. 

In another embodiment, the polypeptide as described herein comprising aninterferon (IFN) peptide, a single CTP unit attached to the IFN's aminoterminus and two CTP units attached to the IFN's carboxy terminus isencoded by a nucleic acid molecule set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10. Inanother embodiment, SEQ ID NO: 10 comprises the following nucleotideacid (NA) sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 10, MOD-9013)tctagaggacatgaccaacaagtgcctgctgcagatcgccctgctgctgtgatcagcaccaccgccctgagcagcagcagctccaaggccccaccccccagcctgcccagccccagcagactgccaggccccagcgacacccccatcctgccccagatgagctacaacctgctgggcttcctgcagaggtccagcaacttccagtgccagaagctgctgtggcagctgaacggcaggctggaatactgcctgaaggacaggatgaacttcgacatcccagaggaaatcaagcagctgcagcagttccagaaggaggacgccgccctgaccatctacgagatgctgcagaacatcttcgccatcttcaggcaggacagcagcagcaccggctggaacgagaccatcgtggagaacctgctggccaacgtgtaccaccagatcaaccacctgaaaaccgtgctggaagagaagctggaaaaggaggacttcaccaggggcaagctgatgagcagcctgcacctgaagaggtactacggcagaatcctgcactacctgaaggccaaggagtacagccactgcgcctggaccatcgtgagggtggagatcctgaggaacttctacttcatcaacaggctgaccggctacctgaggaacagctccagcagcaaggcccctccaccttccctgcccagtccaagccgactccctgggccctccgacacaccaatcctgccacagagcagctcctctaaggcccctcctccatccctgccatccccctcccggctgcctggcccctctgacacccctatcctgcctcagtgatgaaggtctggatccgcggccgc.

In another embodiment, the polypeptide as described herein comprises aninterferon (IFN) peptide, a single CTP attached to the IFN's aminoterminus, and a single CTP located within an Io IFN coding sequence. Inanother embodiment, the polypeptide as described herein comprises (fromamino to carboxy termini): CTP (×1)-interferon (IFN) peptide (fragment1)—CTP-interferon (IFN) peptide (fragment 2) comprising an amino acidsequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11. In another embodiment, SEQ ID NO:11 comprises the following amino acid (AA) sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 11, MOD-9014)MTNKCLLQIALLLCFSTTALSSSSSKAPPPSLPSPSRLPGPSDTPILPQMSYNLLGFLQRSSNFQCQKLLWQLNGRLEYCLKDRMNFDIPEEIKQLQQFQKEDAALTIYEMLQNIFAIFRQDSSSTGWNETIVENLLANVYHQINHLKTVLEEKLEKEDFTRGKLMSSLHLKRYYGRILHYLKAKEYSHCAWTIVRVEILRNFYFINRLTGYLRNSSSSKAPPPSLPSPSRLPGPSDTPILPQMSYNLLGFLQRSSNFQCQKLLWQLNGRLEYCLKDRMNFDIPEEIKQLQQFQKEDAALTIYEMLQNIFAIFRQDSSSTGWNETIVENLLANVYHQINHLKTVLEEKLEKEDFTRGKLMSSLHLKRYYGRILHYLKAKEYSHCAWTIVRVEILRNFYFINRLTGYLRN.

In another embodiment, the polypeptide as described herein comprising aninterferon (IFN) peptide, a single CTP unit attached to the IFN's aminoterminus, and a single CTP unit located within the IFN coding sequenceis encoded by a nucleic acid molecule set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12. Inanother embodiment, SEQ ID NO: 12 comprises the following nucleotideacid (NA) sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 12, MOD-9014)tctagaggacatgaccaacaagtgcctgctgcagatcgccctgctgctgtgcttcagcaccaccgccctgagcagcagcagctccaaggccccaccccccagcctgcccagccccagcaggctgccaggccccagcgacacccccatcctgccccagatgagctacaacctgctgggcttcctgcagaggtccagcaacttccagtgccagaaactgctgtggcagctgaacggcaggctggaatactgcctgaaggaccggatgaacttcgacatccccgaagagatcaagcagctgagcagttccagaaagaggacgccgccctgaccatctacgagatgctgcagaacatcttcgccatcttcaggcaggacagcagcagcaccggctggaacgagaccatcgtggagaacctgctggccaacgtgtaccaccagatcaaccacctgaaaaccgtgctggaagagaagctggaaaaagaggacttcaccaggggcaagctgatgagcagcctgcacctgaagaggtactacggcagaatcctgcactacctgaaggccaaagagtacagccactgcgcctggaccatcgtgagggtggagatcctgcggaacttctacttcatcaacaggctgaccggctacctgaggaacagctccagcagcaaggcccctccaccctccctgccctccccaagcagactgcccggaccctccgacacaccaattctgccacagatgtcctacaatctgctcggatttctgcagcgctcctccaactttcagtgtcagaagctcctctggcagctcaatggccgcctggaatattgtctgaaagacagaatgaattttgacatcccagaggaaattaaacagctccagcagtttcagaaagaagatgctgctctcacaatctatgaaatgctccagaatatctttgcaatctttcgccaggacagctcctccaccgggtggaatgagacaattgtcgagaatctgctcgccaatgtctatcatcagatcaatcacctcaagacagtcctcgaagaaaaactcgaaaaagaagatttcacacgcggcaaactgatgtcctccctgcatctgaagcgctactatgggcgcatcctgcattatctgaaagctaaagaatactcccactgtgcttggacaattgtgcgcgtcgagatcctgagaaacttttatttcattaaccgcctgacaggatacctgcgcaactgatgaaggtct ggatgcggccgc.

In another embodiment, the polypeptide as described herein comprises aninterferon (IFN) peptide and a single CTP unit attached to its aminoterminus. In another embodiment, the polypeptide as described hereincomprises an interferon (IFN) peptide—CTP comprising an amino acidsequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13. In another embodiment, SEQ ID NO:13 comprises the following amino acid (AA) sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 13, MOD-9015)MTNKCLLQIALLLCFSTTALSSSSSKAPPPSLPSPSRLPGPSDTPILPQMSYNLLGFLQRSSNFQCQKLLWQLNGRLEYCLKDRMNFDIPEEIKQLQQFQKEDAALTIYEMLQNIFAIFRQDSSSTGWNETIVENLLANVYHQINHLKTVLEEKLEKEDFTRGKLMSSLHLKRYYGRILHYLKAKEYSHCAWTIVRVEILRNFYFINRLTGYLRN*.

In another embodiment, the polypeptide as described herein comprising aninterferon (IFN) peptide—and a single CTP attached to its amino terminusis encoded by a nucleic acid molecule set forth in SEQ ID NO: 14. Inanother embodiment, SEQ ID NO: 14 comprises the following nucleotideacid (NA) sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 14, MOD-9015)tctagaggacatgaccaacaagtgcctgctgcagatcgccctgctgctgtgcttcagcaccaccgccctgagcagcagcagctccaaggccccaccccccagcctgcccagccccagcaggctgccaggccccagcgacacccccatcctgccccagatgagctacaacctgctgggcttcctgcagaggtccagcaacttccagtgccagaaactgctgtggcagctgaacggcaggctggaatactgcctgaaggaccggatgaacttcgacatccccgaagagatcaagcagctgcagcagttccagaaagaggacgccgccctgaccatctacgagatgctgcagaacatcttcgccatcttcaggcaggacagcagcagcaccggctggaacgagaccatcgtggagaacctgctggccaacgtgtaccaccagatcaaccacctgaaaaccgtgctggaagagaagctggaaaaagaggacttcaccaggggcaagctgatgagcagcctgcacctgaagaggtactacggcagaatcctgcactacctgaaggccaaagagtacagccactgcgcctggaccatcgtgagggtggagatcctgcggaacttctacttcatcaacaggctgaccggctacctgaggaactgatgagtccgcggccg c.

In another embodiment, the polypeptide as described herein comprises aninterferon (IFN) peptide, a single CTP unit attached to its aminoterminus, and a single CTP unit attached to its carboxy terminus. Inanother embodiment, the polypeptide as described herein comprises aninterferon (IFN) peptide—CTP comprising an amino acid sequence set forthin SEQ ID NO: 15. In another embodiment, SEQ ID NO: 15 comprises thefollowing amino acid (AA) sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 15, MOD-9016)MTNKCLLQIALLLCFSTTALSSSSSKAPPPSLPSPSRLPGPSDTPILPQMSYNLLGFLQRSSNFQCQKLLWQLNGRLEYCLKDRMNFDIPEEIKQLQQFQKEDAALTIYEMLQNIFAIFRQDSSSTGWNETIVENLLANVYHQINHLKTVLEEKLEKEDFTRGKLMSSLHLKRYYGRILHYLKAKEYSHCAWTIVRVEILRNFYFINRLTGYLRNSSSSKAPPPSLPSPSRLPGPSDTPI LPQ*.

In another embodiment, the polypeptide as described herein comprising aninterferon (IFN) peptide, a single CTP unit attached to its aminoterminus, and a single CTP unit attached to its carboxy terminus isencoded by a nucleic acid molecule set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16. Inanother embodiment, SEQ ID NO: 16 comprises the following nucleotideacid (NA) sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 16, MOD-9016)tctagaggacatgaccaacaagtgcctgctgcagatcgccctgctgctgtgcttcagcaccaccgccctgagcagcagcagctccaaggccccaccccccagcctgcccagccccagcagactgccaggccccagcgacacccccatcctgccccagatgagctacaacctgctgggcttcctgcagaggtccagcaacttccagtgccagaagctgctgtggcagctgaacggcaggctggaatactgcctgaaggacaggatgaacttcgacatcccagaggaaatcaagcagctgcagcagttccagaaggaggacgccgccctgaccatctacgagatgctgcagaacatcttcgccatcttcaggcaggacagcagcagcaccggctggaacgagaccatcgtggagaacctgctggccaacgtgtaccaccagatcaaccacctgaaaaccgtgctggaagagaagctggaaaaggaggacttcaccaggggcaagctgatgagcagcctgcacctgaagaggtactacggcagaatcctgcactacctgaaggccaaggagtacagccactgcgcctggaccatcgtgagggtggagatcctgaggaacttctacttcatcaacaggctgaccggctacctgaggaacagctccagcagcaaggcccctccaccttccctgcccagtccaagccgactccctgggccctccgatacaccaattctgccacagtgatgaaggtctggatgcggccgc.

In another embodiment, an interferon β peptide comprises SEQ ID NO: 21comprising the following amino acid (AA) sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 21) MSYNLLGFLQRSSNFQSQKLLWQLNGRLEYCLKDRMNFDIPEEIKQLQQFQKEDAALTIYEMLQNIFAIFRQDSSSTGWNETIVENLLANVYHQINHLKTVLEEKLEKEDFTRGKLMSSLHLKRYYGRILHYLKAKEYSHCAWT IVRVEILRNFYFINRLTGYLRN.

In another embodiment, a polypeptide as described herein comprises IFNprotein connected via a peptide bond to at least one CTP unit. Inanother embodiment, a polypeptide as described herein comprises IFNprotein connected via a peptide bond to at least one CTP unit which isconnected to an additional CTP unit via a peptide bond. In anotherembodiment, a polypeptide as described herein comprising IFN proteinand/or fragments thereof and CTP units and/or fragments thereof that areinterconnected via a peptide bond. In another embodiment, one nucleicacid molecule encodes a polypeptide as described herein comprising IFNprotein and/or fragments thereof and CTP units and/or fragments thereof.

In some embodiments, a CTP sequences at both the amino terminal end of apolypeptide and at the carboxy terminal end of the polypeptide provideenhanced protection against degradation of a protein. In anotherembodiment, at least one CTP sequence at the amino terminal end of a IFNand two CTP units in the carboxy terminal end of IFN provide enhancedprotection against degradation of an IFN protein. In another embodiment,at least one CTP sequence at the amino terminal end of an IFN and atleast two CTP units in the carboxy terminal end of IFN provide enhancedprotection against degradation of an IFN protein. In another embodiment,a single CTP sequence at the amino terminal end of a IFN and at leasttwo CTP units in the carboxy terminal end of IFN provide enhancedprotection against degradation of an IFN protein. In some embodiments,CTP sequences at both the amino terminal end of a polypeptide and at thecarboxy terminal end of the polypeptide provide extended half-life ofthe attached protein. In another embodiment, at least a single CTPsequence at the amino terminal end of a polypeptide and at least two CTPsequences at the carboxy terminal end of the polypeptide provideextended half-life of the attached interferon protein. In anotherembodiment, a single CTP sequence at the amino terminal end of apolypeptide and two CTP sequences at the carboxy terminal end of thepolypeptide provide extended half-life of the attached interferonprotein. In another embodiment, a single CTP sequence at the aminoterminal end of a polypeptide and two CTP sequences in tandem at thecarboxy terminal end of the polypeptide provide extended half-life ofthe attached interferon protein.

In some embodiments, a CTP sequence at the amino terminal end of apolypeptide, a CTP sequence at the carboxy terminal end of thepolypeptide, and at least one additional CTP sequence attached in tandemto the CTP sequence at the carboxy terminus provide enhanced protectionagainst degradation of a protein. In some embodiments, a CTP sequence atthe amino terminal end of a polypeptide, a CTP sequence at the carboxyterminal end of the polypeptide, and at least one additional CTPsequence attached in tandem to the CTP sequence at the carboxy terminusprovide extended half-life of the attached protein. In some embodiments,a CTP sequence at the amino terminal end of a polypeptide, a CTPsequence at the carboxy terminal end of the polypeptide; and at leastone additional CTP sequence attached in tandem to the CTP sequence atthe carboxy terminus provide enhanced activity of the attached protein.

In some embodiments, a CTP sequence at the amino terminal end of apolypeptide, a CTP sequence at the carboxy terminal end of thepolypeptide, and at least one additional CTP sequence attached in tandemto the CTP sequence at the carboxy or amino terminus provide enhancedprotection against degradation of the attached protein. In someembodiments, a CTP sequence at the amino terminal end of a polypeptide,a CTP sequence at the carboxy terminal end of the polypeptide, and atleast one additional CTP sequence attached in tandem to the CTP sequenceat the carboxy terminus provide extended half-life of the attachedprotein. In some embodiments, a CTP sequence at the amino terminal endof a polypeptide, a CTP sequence at the carboxy terminal end of thepolypeptide, and at least one additional CTP sequence attached in tandemto the CTP sequence at the carboxy terminus provide enhanced activity ofthe attached protein. In another embodiment, a CTP sequence at the aminoterminal end of a polypeptide, two CTP sequences at the carboxy terminalend of the polypeptide, and at least one additional CTP sequenceattached in tandem to the CTP sequence at the amino or carboxy terminusprovide enhanced activity of the attached protein.

In another embodiment, the carboxy terminal peptide (CTP) peptide of thepresent invention comprises the amino acid sequence from amino acid 112to position 145 of human chorionic gonadotrophin, as set forth in SEQ IDNO: 17. In another embodiment, the CTP sequence of the present inventioncomprises the amino acid sequence from amino acid 118 to position 145 ofhuman chorionic gonadotropin, as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 18.In anotherembodiment, the CTP sequence also commences from any position betweenpositions 112-118 and terminates at position 145 of human chorionicgonadotrophin. In some embodiments, the CTP sequence peptide is 28, 29,30, 31, 32, 33 or 34 amino acids long and commences at position 112,113, 114, 115, 116, 117 or 118 of the CTP amino acid sequence.

In another embodiment, the CTP peptide is a variant of chorionicgonadotrophin CTP which differs from the native CTP by 1-5 conservativeamino acid substitutions as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,712,122. Inanother embodiment, the CTP peptide is a variant of chorionicgonadotrophin CTP which differs from the native CTP by 1 conservativeamino acid substitution. In another embodiment, the CTP peptide is avariant of chorionic gonadotrophin CTP which differs from the native CTPby 2 conservative amino acid substitutions. In another embodiment, theCTP peptide is a variant of chorionic gonadotrophin CTP which differsfrom the native CTP by 3 conservative amino acid substitutions. Inanother embodiment, the CTP peptide is a variant of chorionicgonadotrophin CTP which differs from the native CTP by 4 conservativeamino acid substitutions. In another embodiment, the CTP peptide is avariant of chorionic gonadotrophin CTP which differs from the native CTPby 5 conservative amino acid substitutions. In another embodiment, theCTP peptide amino acid sequence of the present invention is at least 70%homologous to the native CTP amino acid sequence or a peptide thereof.In another embodiment, the CTP peptide amino acid sequence of thepresent invention is at least 80% homologous to the native CTP aminoacid sequence or a peptide thereof. In another embodiment, the CTPpeptide amino acid sequence of the present invention is at least to 90%homologous to the native CTP amino acid sequence or a peptide thereof.In another embodiment, the CTP peptide amino acid sequence of thepresent invention is at least 95% homologous to the native CTP aminoacid sequence or a peptide thereof.

In one embodiment, the CTP peptide DNA sequence of the present inventionis at least 70% homologous to the native CTP DNA sequence or a peptidethereof. In one embodiment, the CTP peptide DNA sequence of the presentinvention is at least 80% homologous to the native CTP DNA sequence or apeptide thereof. In one embodiment, the CTP peptide DNA sequence of thepresent invention is at least 90% homologous to the native CTP DNAsequence or a peptide thereof. In one embodiment, the CTP peptide DNAsequence of the present invention is at least 95% homologous to thenative CTP DNA sequence or a peptide thereof.

In one embodiment, at least one of the chorionic gonadotrophin CTP aminoacid sequences is truncated. In another embodiment, both of thechorionic gonadotrophin CTP amino acid sequences are truncated. Inanother embodiment, 2 of the chorionic gonadotrophin CTP amino acidsequences are truncated. In another embodiment, 2 or more of thechorionic gonadotrophin CTP amino acid sequences are truncated. Inanother embodiment, all of the chorionic gonadotrophin CTP amino acidsequences are truncated. In one embodiment, the truncated CTP comprisesthe first 10 amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 22. In another embodiment, SEQ IDNO: 22 comprises the following amino acid (AA) sequence: SSSSKAPPPSLP.

In one embodiment, the truncated CTP comprises the first 9 amino acidsof SEQ ID NO: 22. In one embodiment, the truncated CTP comprises thefirst 8 amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 22. In one embodiment, the truncatedCTP comprises the first 7 amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 22. In oneembodiment, the truncated CTP comprises the first 6 amino acids of SEQID NO: 22. In one embodiment, the truncated CTP comprises the first 5amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 22. In one embodiment, the truncated CTPcomprises the first 4 amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 22.

In one embodiment, at least one of the chorionic gonadotrophin CTP aminoacid sequences is glycosylated. In another embodiment, both of thechorionic gonadotrophin CTP amino acid sequences are glycosylated. Inanother embodiment, 2 of the chorionic gonadotrophin CTP amino acidsequences are glycosylated. In another embodiment, 2 or more of thechorionic gonadotrophin CTP amino acid sequences are glycosylated. Inanother embodiment, all of the chorionic gonadotrophin CTP amino acidsequences are glycosylated. In one embodiment, the CTP sequence of thepresent invention comprises at least one glycosylation site. In oneembodiment, the CTP sequence of the present invention comprises 2glycosylation sites. In one embodiment, the CTP sequence of the presentinvention comprises 3 glycosylation sites. In one embodiment, the CTPsequence of the present invention comprises 4 glycosylation sites.

In one embodiment, IFN sequence of the present invention also refers tohomologues. In another embodiment, IFN sequence of the present inventionalso refers to homologues of IFN sequences as described hereinabove. Inanother embodiment, the IFN amino acid sequence of the present inventionis at least 50% homologous to an IFN sequence set forth in GenBankAccession No. NP_(—)002167.1 as determined using BlastP software of theNational Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI) using defaultparameters). In another embodiment, the IFN amino acid sequence of thepresent invention is at least 60% homologous to an IFN sequence setforth in GenBank Accession No. NP_(—)002167.1 as determined using BlastPsoftware of the National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI)using default parameters). In another embodiment, the IFN amino acidsequence of the present invention is at least 70% homologous to an IFNsequence set forth in GenBank Accession No. NP_(—)002167.1 as determinedusing BlastP software of the National Center of BiotechnologyInformation (NCBI) using default parameters). In another embodiment, theIFN amino acid sequence of the present invention is at least 80%homologous to an IFN sequence set forth in GenBank Accession No.NP_(—)002167.1 as determined using BlastP software of the NationalCenter of Biotechnology Information (NCBI) using default parameters). Inanother embodiment, the IFN amino acid sequence of the present inventionis at least 90% homologous to an IFN sequence set forth in GenBankAccession No. NP_(—)002167.1 as determined using BlastP software of theNational Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI) using defaultparameters). In another embodiment, the IFN amino acid sequence of thepresent invention is at least 95% homologous to an IFN sequence setforth in GenBank Accession No. NP_(—)002167.1 as determined using BlastPsoftware of the National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI)using default parameters). In another embodiment, homology according tothe present invention also encompasses deletions, insertions, orsubstitution variants, including an amino acid substitution, thereof andbiologically active polypeptide fragments thereof. In anotherembodiment, the cysteine interferon β peptide comprises SEQ ID NO: 21comprising the following amino acid (AA) sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 21) MSYNLLGFLQRSSNFQSQKLLWQLNGRLEYCLKDRMNFDIPEEIKQLQQFQKEDAALTIYEMLQNIFAIFRQDSSSTGWNETIVENLLANVYHQINHLKTVLEEKLEKEDFTRGKLMSSLHLKRYYGRILHYLKAKEYSHCAWTIVRVEILRNFYFINRLTGYLRN. 

In another embodiment, the term “interferon” refers to the mammalianinterferon polypeptide (e.g., Type I or Type II interferon) whichexhibits an interferon activity, e.g. antiviral or antiproliferativeactivity. In another embodiment, GenBank accession numbers. ofnon-limiting examples of interferons are listed in Table 1 below. Aninterferon of the present invention also refers in one embodiment, tohomologs (e.g., polypeptides which are at least 50%, at least 55%, atleast 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, atleast 85%, at least 87%, at least 89%, at least 91%, at least 93%, atleast 95% or more say 100% homologous to interferon sequences listed inTable 1 as determined using BlastP software of the National Center ofBiotechnology Information (NCBI) using default parameters). In anotherembodiment, homolog may also refer to a deletion, insertion, orsubstitution variant, including an amino acid substitution, thereof andbiologically active polypeptide fragments thereof. In anotherembodiment, a variety of suitable interferon polypeptides are known tothose of ordinary skill in the art. In another embodiment, interferon isa Type I or Type II interferon, including those commonly designated asalpha-interferon, beta-interferon, gamma-interferon, andomega-interferon. In another embodiment, interferon is a subspecies suchas of a type I or Type II interferon (e.g. IFN-α2a IFN-α2b, IFN-β1a andIFN-β1b).

Table 1 below lists examples of interferons with their respective NCBIsequence numbers.

TABLE 1 Interferon name NCBI sequence number interferon, α 1 NP_076918.1interferon, α 10 NP_002162.1 interferon, α13 NP_008831.2 interferon, α14NP_002163.1 interferon, α16 NP_002164.1 interferon, α17 NP_067091.1interferon, α2 NP_000596.2 interferon, α21 NP_002166.1 interferon, α4NP_066546.1 interferon, α5 NP_002160.1 interferon, α6 NP_066282.1interferon, α7 NP_066401.2 interferon, α8 NP_002161.2 interferon, β 1NP_002167.1 interferon, ε 1 NP_795372.1 interferon, γ NP_000610.2interferon, ε NP_064509.1 interferon, Ω1 NP_002168.1

In another embodiment, a method of treating or reducing a diseasetreatable or reducible by an interferon or a pharmaceutical formulationcomprising the same, in a subject, comprises the step of administeringto a subject a therapeutically effective amount of the polypeptidecomprising IFN protein and CTP units as described herein, therebytreating or reducing a disease treatable or reducible by an interferonin a subject.

In another embodiment, a disease treatable or reducible by an interferonis hepatitis C infection, cancer, bacterial infection, viral infection,injury, multiple sclerosis, hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma,Kaposi's sarcoma, bladder cancer, chronic myelocytic leukemia, kidneycancer, carcinoid tumors, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, ovarian cancer, skinchronic hepatitis C (CHC), condylomata acuminata (CA), chronic hepatitisB, follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, chronic granulomatous disease,Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), pulmonary fibrosis osteoarthritis,and osteoporosis.

In another embodiment, polypeptides of the present invention comprisingIFN α-2a as well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same areindicated for hairy cell leukemia (HCL), acquired immune deficiencysyndrome(AIDS)-related Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), chronic-phase Philadelphia(Ph) chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and chronichepatitis C (CHC). IFN α-2a dosage varies depending on the indication.In another embodiment, the effectiveness of IFN α-2a as anantineoplastic, immunomodulator and antiviral agent has beenestablished.

In another embodiment, polypeptides of the present invention comprisingIFN α-2b as well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same areindicated for HCL, AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma and CHC. It is alsoindicated for condylomata acuminata (CA), chronic hepatitis B, malignantmelanoma and follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. IFN α-2b dosage variesdepending on its indication of usage.

In another embodiment, a subject is a human subject. In anotherembodiment, a subject is a pet. In another embodiment, a subject is amammal. In another embodiment, a subject is a farm animal. In anotherembodiment, a subject is a monkey. In another embodiment, a subject is ahorse. In another embodiment, a subject is a cow. In another embodiment,a subject is a mouse. In another embodiment, a subject is a rat.

In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN protein, at leasta single CTP attached to its carboxy terminus, and at least a single CTPattached to its amino terminus is used to trigger an immune response. Inanother embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN protein, a singleCTP attached to its amino terminus, and at least two CTP units attachedto its carboxy terminus is used to trigger an immune response. Inanother embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN protein, a singleCTP attached to its amino terminus, and two CTP units attached to itscarboxy terminus is used to trigger an immune response. In anotherembodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN protein and CTP units isformulated in a pharmaceutical composition that is administered to asubject in need of triggering an immune response.

In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN protein and CTPunits as described herein is used to trigger an immune response againsta viral infection. In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising anIFN protein and CTP units is formulated in a pharmaceutical compositionthat is administered to a subject in need of triggering an immuneresponse against a viral infection.

In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN α and CTP unitsas described herein is used to trigger an immune response via theenhancement of activity of lymphocyte cells. In another embodiment, apolypeptide comprising an IFN β and CTP units is formulated in apharmaceutical composition that is administered to a subject in need oftriggering an immune response via the enhancement of activity oflymphocyte cells.

In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN a and CTP unitsas described herein is used as an anti-tumor agent. In anotherembodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN a and CTP units isformulated in a pharmaceutical composition that is administered to apatient afflicted with cancer.

In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN protein and CTPunits as described herein is used equivalently to a regular or arecombinant interferon as known to one of average skill in the art. Inanother embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN protein and CTPunits is formulated equivalently to a regular or a recombinantinterferon as known to one of average skill in the art.

In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN protein and CTPunits as described herein enhances the activity of T-cells, whilesimultaneously reducing the production cytokines that operate in theinflammatory response to infection and injury. In another embodiment, apolypeptide comprising an IFN protein and CTP units is formulated in apharmaceutical composition that is administered to a patient in need ofT-cells activity enhancement. In another embodiment, a polypeptidecomprising an IFN protein and CTP units is formulated in apharmaceutical composition that is administered to a patient afflictedwith multiple sclerosis. In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprisingan IFN protein and CTP units is formulated in a pharmaceuticalcomposition that is administered to a patient afflicted with hepatitis Cinfection.

In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN protein and CTPunits is formulated in an intranasal dosage form. In another embodiment,a polypeptide comprising an IFN protein and CTP units is formulated inan injectable dosage form. In another embodiment, a polypeptidecomprising an IFN protein and CTP units is administered to a subject ina dose ranging from 0.0001 mg to 0.6 mg. In another embodiment, apolypeptide comprising an IFN protein and CTP units is administered to asubject in a dose ranging from 0.001 mg to 0.005 mg. In anotherembodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN protein and CTP units isadministered to a subject in a dose ranging from 0.005 mg to 0.01 mg. Inanother embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN protein and CTPunits is administered to a subject in a dose ranging from 0.01 mg to 0.3mg. In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN protein andCTP units is administered to a subject in a dose in a dose ranging from0.2 mg to 0.6 mg.

In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN protein and CTPunits is administered to a subject in a dose ranging from 1-100micrograms. In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFNprotein and CTP units is administered to a subject in a dose rangingfrom 10-80 micrograms. In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprisingan IFN protein and CTP units is administered to a subject in a doseranging from 20-60 micrograms. In another embodiment, a polypeptidecomprising an IFN protein and CTP units is administered to a subject ina dose ranging from 10-50 micrograms. In another embodiment, apolypeptide comprising an IFN protein and CTP units is administered to asubject in a dose ranging from 40-80 micrograms. In another embodiment,a polypeptide comprising an IFN protein and CTP units is administered toa subject in a dose ranging from 10-30 micrograms. In anotherembodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN protein and CTP units isadministered to a subject in a dose ranging from 30-60 micrograms.

In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN protein and CTPunits is administered to a subject in a dose ranging from 0.2 mg to 2mg. In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN protein andCTP units is administered to a subject in a dose ranging from 2 mg to 6mg. In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN protein andCTP units is administered to a subject in a dose ranging from 4 mg to 10mg. In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN protein andCTP units is administered to a subject in a dose ranging from 5 mg and15 mg.

In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN protein and CTPunits is injected into the muscle (intramuscular injection). In anotherembodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN protein and CTP units isinjected below the skin (subcutaneous injection).

In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN protein and CTPunits is administered to a subject once a day. In another embodiment, apolypeptide comprising an IFN protein and CTP units is administered to asubject once every two days. In another embodiment, a polypeptidecomprising an IFN protein and CTP units is administered to a subjectonce every three days. In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprisingan IFN protein and CTP units is administered to a subject once everyfour days. In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFNprotein and CTP units is administered to a subject once every five days.In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN protein and CTPunits is administered to a subject once every six days. In anotherembodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFN protein and CTP units isadministered to a subject once every week. In another embodiment, apolypeptide comprising an IFN protein and CTP units is administered to asubject once every 7-14 days. In another embodiment, a polypeptidecomprising an IFN protein and CTP units is administered to a subjectonce every 10-20 days. In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprisingan IFN protein and CTP units is administered to a subject once every5-15 days. In another embodiment, a polypeptide comprising an IFNprotein and CTP units is administered to a subject once every 15-30days.

In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention provide aninterferon beta 1 peptide having additionally at least one CTP aminoacid peptide on the N-terminus and at least one CTP amino acid peptideon the C-terminus for treating or inhibiting multiple sclerosis. Inanother embodiment, the methods of the present invention provide aninterferon beta 1 peptide having additionally one CTP amino acid peptideon the N-terminus and two CTP amino acid peptides on the C-terminus fortreating or inhibiting multiple sclerosis. In another embodiment, themethods of the present invention provide an interferon beta 1 peptideset forth in SEQ ID NOs: 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, or 15 for treating diseasessuch as but not limited to multiple sclerosis, cancer, or viralinfections. In another embodiment, the methods of the present inventionprovide an interferon beta 1 peptide set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 5, 7, 9,11, 13, or 15 for treating diseases such as but not limited to multiplesclerosis, cancer, or viral infections. In another embodiment, themethods of the present invention provide an interferon beta 1 peptideset forth in SEQ ID NO: 9 for treating diseases such as but not limitedto multiple sclerosis, cancer, or viral infections. In anotherembodiment, the methods of the present invention provide an interferonbeta 1 peptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11 for treating diseases such asbut not limited to multiple sclerosis, cancer, or viral infections. Inanother embodiment, the methods of the present invention provide aninterferon beta 1 peptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13 for treatingdiseases such as but not limited to multiple sclerosis, cancer, or viralinfections. In another embodiment, the methods of the present inventionprovide an interferon beta 1 peptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 15 fortreating diseases such as but not limited to multiple sclerosis, cancer,or viral infections.

In some embodiments, modifications include, but are not limited to Nterminus modification, C terminus modification, polypeptide bondmodification, including, but not limited to, CH2-NH, CH2-S, CH2-S═O,O═C—NH, CH2-O, CH2-CH2, S═C—NH, CH═CH or CF═CH, backbone modifications,and residue modification. Methods for preparing peptidomimetic compoundsare well known in the art and are specified, for example, inQuantitative Drug Design, C. A. Ramsden Gd., Chapter 17.2, F. ChoplinPergamon Press (1992), which is incorporated by reference as if fullyset forth herein. Further details in this respect are providedhereinunder.

In some embodiments, polypeptide bonds (—CO—NH—) within the polypeptideare substituted. In some embodiments, the polypeptide bonds aresubstituted by N-methylated bonds (—N(CH3)-CO—). In some embodiments,the polypeptide bonds are substituted by ester bonds(—C(R)H—C—O—O—C(R)—N—). In some embodiments, the polypeptide bonds aresubstituted by ketomethylen bonds (—CO—CH2-). In some embodiments, thepolypeptide bonds are substituted by α-aza bonds (—NH—N(R)—CO—), whereinR is any alkyl, e.g., methyl, carba bonds (—CH2-NH—). In someembodiments, the polypeptide bonds are substituted by hydroxyethylenebonds (—CH(OH)—CH2-). In some embodiments, the polypeptide bonds aresubstituted by thioamide bonds (—CS—NH—). In some embodiments, thepolypeptide bonds are substituted by olefinic double bonds (—CH═CH—). Insome embodiments, the polypeptide bonds are substituted by retro amidebonds (—NH—CO—). In some embodiments, the polypeptide bonds aresubstituted by polypeptide derivatives (—N(R)—CH2-CO—), wherein R is the“normal” side chain, naturally presented on the carbon atom. In someembodiments, these modifications occur at any of the bonds along thepolypeptide chain and even at several (2-3 bonds) at the same time.

In some embodiments, natural aromatic amino acids of the polypeptidesuch as Trp, Tyr and Phe, are substituted for synthetic non-natural acidsuch as Phenylglycine, TIC, naphthylelanine (Nol), ring-methylatedderivatives of Phe, halogenated derivatives of Phe or o-methyl-Tyr. Insome embodiments, the polypeptides of the present invention include oneor more modified amino acid or one or more non-amino acid monomers (e.g.fatty acid, complex carbohydrates etc).

In one embodiment, “amino acid” or “amino acid” is understood to includethe 20 naturally occurring amino acid; those amino acid often modifiedpost-translationally in vivo, including, for example, hydroxyproline,phosphoserine and phosphothreonine; and other unusual amino acidincluding, but not limited to, 2-aminoadipic acid, hydroxylysine,isodesmosine, nor-valine, nor-leucine and ornithine. In one embodiment,“amino acid” includes both D- and L-amino acid.

In some embodiments, the polypeptides of the present invention areutilized in therapeutics which requires the polypeptides to be in asoluble form. In some embodiments, the polypeptides of the presentinvention include one or more non-natural or natural polar amino acid,including but not limited to serine and threonine which are capable ofincreasing polypeptide solubility due to their hydroxyl-containing sidechain.

In some embodiments, the interferon of present invention isbiochemically synthesized such as by using standard solid phasetechniques. In some embodiments, these biochemical methods includeexclusive solid phase synthesis, partial solid phase synthesis, fragmentcondensation; or classical solution synthesis. In some embodiments,these methods are used when the polypeptide is relatively short (about5-15 kDa) and/or when it cannot be produced by recombinant techniques(i.e., not encoded by a nucleic acid sequence) and therefore involvesdifferent chemistry.

In some embodiments, solid phase polypeptide synthesis procedures arewell known to one skilled in the art and further described by JohnMorrow Stewart and Janis Dillaha Young, Solid Phase PolypeptideSyntheses (2nd Ed., Pierce Chemical Company, 1984). In some embodiments,synthetic polypeptides are purified by preparative high performanceliquid chromatography [Creighton T. (1983) Proteins, structures andmolecular principles. WH Freeman and Co. N.Y.] and the composition ofwhich can be confirmed via amino acid sequencing by methods known to oneskilled in the art.

In some embodiments, recombinant protein techniques are used to generatethe polypeptides of the present invention. In some embodiments,recombinant protein techniques are used for generation of relativelylong polypeptides (e.g., longer than 18-25 amino acid). In someembodiments, recombinant protein techniques are used for the generationof large amounts of the polypeptide of the present invention. In someembodiments, recombinant techniques are described by Bitter et al.,(1987) Methods in Enzymol. 153:516-544, Studier et al. (1990) Methods inEnzymol. 185:60-89, Brisson et al. (1984) Nature 310:511-514, Takamatsuet al. (1987) EMBO J. 6:307-311, Coruzzi et al. (1984) EMBO J.3:1671-1680 and Brogli et al. (1984) Science 224:838-843, Gurley et al.(1986) Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:559-565 and Weissbach & Weissbach, 1988,Methods for Plant Molecular Biology, Academic Press, NY, Section VIII,pp 421-463.

In another embodiment, an interferon of the present invention issynthesized using a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of the presentinvention. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encoding aninterferon of the present invention is ligated into an expressionvector, comprising a transcriptional control of a cis-regulatorysequence (e.g., promoter sequence). In some embodiments, thecis-regulatory sequence is suitable for directing constitutiveexpression of the interferon of the present invention. In someembodiments, the cis-regulatory sequence is suitable for directingtissue specific expression of the interferon of the present invention.In some embodiments, the cis-regulatory sequence is suitable fordirecting inducible expression of the interferon of the presentinvention.

In some embodiments, polynucleotides which express the polypeptides ofthe present invention are as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 6, 8, 10, 12, 14,and 16.

In some embodiment, tissue-specific promoters suitable for use with thepresent invention include sequences which are functional in specificcell population, example include, but are not limited to promoters suchas albumin that is liver specific [Pinkert et al., (1987) Genes Dev.1:268-277], lymphoid specific promoters [Calame et al., (1988) Adv.Immunol. 43:235-275]; in particular promoters of T-cell receptors[Winoto et al., (1989) EMBO J. 8:729-733] and immunoglobulins; [Banerjiet al. (1983) Cell 33729-740], neuron-specific promoters such as theneurofilament promoter [Byrne et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA86:5473-5477], pancreas-specific promoters [Edlunch et al. (1985)Science 230:912-916] or mammary gland-specific promoters such as themilk whey promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,316 and European ApplicationPublication No. 264,166). Inducible promoters suitable for use with thepresent invention include for example the tetracycline-induciblepromoter (Srour, M. A., et al., 2003. Thromb. Haemost. 90: 398-405).

In one embodiment, the phrase “a polynucleotide” refers to a single ordouble stranded nucleic acid sequence which be isolated and provided inthe form of an RNA sequence, a complementary polynucleotide sequence(cDNA), a genomic polynucleotide sequence and/or a compositepolynucleotide sequences (e.g., a combination of the above).

In one embodiment, “complementary polynucleotide sequence” refers to asequence, which results from reverse transcription of messenger RNAusing a reverse transcriptase or any other RNA dependent DNA polymerase.In one embodiment, the sequence can be subsequently amplified in vivo orin vitro using a DNA polymerase.

In one embodiment, “genomic polynucleotide sequence” refers to asequence derived (isolated) from a chromosome and thus it represents acontiguous portion of a chromosome.

In one embodiment, “composite polynucleotide sequence” refers to asequence, which is at least partially complementary and at leastpartially genomic. In one embodiment, a composite sequence can includesome exonal sequences required to encode the polypeptide of the presentinvention, as well as some intronic sequences interposing therebetween.In one embodiment, the intronic sequences can be of any source,including of other genes, and typically will include conserved splicingsignal sequences. In one embodiment, intronic sequences include cisacting expression regulatory elements.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotides of the present invention furthercomprise a signal sequence encoding a signal peptide for the secretionof the polypeptides of the present invention. In some embodiments,signal sequences include, but are not limited to the endogenous signalsequence for IFN-β1as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19. In another embodiment,the signal sequence is N-terminal to the CTP sequence that is in turnN-terminal to the polypeptide sequence of interest; e.g. the sequence is(a) signal sequence—(b) CTP—(c) sequence-of-interest—(d) optionally 1 ormore additional CTP sequences. In another embodiment, 1 or more CTPsequences is inserted between the signal sequence of a polypeptidesequence of interest and the polypeptide sequence of interest itself,thus interrupting the wild-type sequence of interest. Each possibilityrepresents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In one embodiment, following expression and secretion, the signalpeptides are cleaved from the precursor proteins resulting in the matureproteins.

In some embodiments, polynucleotides of the present invention areprepared using PCR techniques as described in Example 1, or any othermethod or procedure known to one skilled in the art. In someembodiments, the procedure involves the ligation of two different DNAsequences (See, for example, “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology”,eds. Ausubel et al., John Wiley & Sons, 1992).

In one embodiment, polynucleotides of the present invention are insertedinto expression vectors (i.e., a nucleic acid construct) to enableexpression of the recombinant polypeptide. In one embodiment, theexpression vector of the present invention includes additional sequenceswhich render this vector suitable for replication and integration inprokaryotes. In one embodiment, the expression vector of the presentinvention includes additional sequences which render this vectorsuitable for replication and integration in eukaryotes. In oneembodiment, the expression vector of the present invention includes ashuttle vector which renders this vector suitable for replication andintegration in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In some embodiments,cloning vectors comprise transcription and translation initiationsequences (e.g., promoters, enhances) and transcription and translationterminators (e.g., polyadenylation signals).

In one embodiment, a variety of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells can beused as host-expression systems to express the polypeptides of thepresent invention. In some embodiments, these include, but are notlimited to, microorganisms, such as bacteria transformed with arecombinant bacteriophage DNA, plasmid DNA or cosmid DNA expressionvector containing the polypeptide coding sequence; yeast transformedwith recombinant yeast expression vectors containing the polypeptidecoding sequence; plant cell systems infected with recombinant virusexpression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV; tobacco mosaicvirus, TMV) or transformed with recombinant plasmid expression vectors,such as Ti plasmid, containing the polypeptide coding sequence.

In some embodiments, non-bacterial expression systems are used (e.g.mammalian expression systems such as CHO cells) to express thepolypeptide of the present invention. In one embodiment, the expressionvector used to express polynucleotides of the present invention inmammalian cells is pCI-DHFR vector comprising a CMV promoter and aneomycin resistance gene. Construction of the pCI-dhfr vector isdescribed, according to one embodiment, in Example 1.

In some embodiments, in bacterial systems of the present invention, anumber of expression vectors can be advantageously selected dependingupon the use intended for the polypeptide expressed. In one embodiment,large quantities of polypeptide are desired. In one embodiment, vectorsthat direct the expression of high levels of the protein product,possibly as a fusion with a hydrophobic signal sequence, which directsthe expressed product into the periplasm of the bacteria or the culturemedium where the protein product is readily purified are desired. In oneembodiment, certain fusion protein engineered with a specific cleavagesite to aid in recovery of the polypeptide. In one embodiment, vectorsadaptable to such manipulation include, but are not limited to, the pETseries of E. coli expression vectors [Studier et al., Methods inEnzymol. 185:60-89 (1990)].

In one embodiment, yeast expression systems are used. In one embodiment,a number of vectors containing constitutive or inducible promoters canbe used in yeast as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,447. In anotherembodiment, vectors which promote integration of foreign DNA sequencesinto the yeast chromosome are used.

In one embodiment, the expression vector of the present invention canfurther include additional polynucleotide sequences that allow, forexample, the translation of several proteins from a single mRNA such asan internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and sequences for genomicintegration of the promoter-chimeric polypeptide.

In some embodiments, mammalian expression vectors include, but are notlimited to, pcDNA3, pcDNA3.1(+/−), pGL3, pZeoSV2(+/−), pSecTag2,pDisplay, pEF/myc/cyto, pCMV/myc/cyto, pCR3.1, pSinRep5, DH26S, DHBB,pNMT1, pNMT41, pNMT81, which are available from Invitrogen, pCI which isavailable from Promega, pMbac, pPbac, pBK-RSV and pBK-CMV which areavailable from Strategene, pTRES which is available from Clontech, andtheir derivatives.

In some embodiments, expression vectors containing regulatory elementsfrom eukaryotic viruses such as retroviruses are used by the presentinvention. SV40 vectors include pSVT7 and pMT2. In some embodiments,vectors derived from bovine papilloma virus include pBV-1MTHA, andvectors derived from Epstein Bar virus include pHEBO, and p2O5. Otherexemplary vectors include pMSG, pAV009/A⁺, pMTO10/A⁺, pMAMneo-5,baculovirus pDSVE, and any other vector allowing expression of proteinsunder the direction of the SV-40 early promoter, SV-40 later promoter,metallothionein promoter, murine mammary tumor virus promoter, Roussarcoma virus promoter, polyhedrin promoter, or other promoters showneffective for expression in eukaryotic cells.

In some embodiments, recombinant viral vectors are useful for in vivoexpression of the polypeptides of the present invention since they offeradvantages such as lateral infection and targeting specificity. In oneembodiment, lateral infection is inherent in the life cycle of, forexample, retrovirus and is the process by which a single infected cellproduces many progeny virions that bud off and infect neighboring cells.In one embodiment, the result is that a large area becomes rapidlyinfected, most of which was not initially infected by the original viralparticles. In one embodiment, viral vectors are produced that are unableto spread laterally. In one embodiment, this characteristic can beuseful if the desired purpose is to introduce a specified gene into onlya localized number of targeted cells.

In one embodiment, various methods can be used to introduce theexpression vector of the present invention into cells. Such methods aregenerally described in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A LaboratoryManual, Cold Springs Harbor Laboratory, New York (1989, 1992), inAusubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley andSons, Baltimore, Md. (1989), Chang et al., Somatic Gene Therapy, CRCPress, Ann Arbor, Mich. (1995), Vega et al., Gene Targeting, CRC Press,Ann Arbor Mich. (1995), Vectors: A Survey of Molecular Cloning Vectorsand Their Uses, Butterworths, Boston Mass. (1988) and Gilboa et at.[Biotechniques 4 (6): 504-512, 1986] and include, for example, stable ortransient transfection, lipofection, electroporation and infection withrecombinant viral vectors. In addition, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,464,764 and5,487,992 for positive-negative selection methods.

In some embodiments, introduction of nucleic acid by viral infectionoffers several advantages over other methods such as lipofection andelectroporation, since higher transfection efficiency can be obtaineddue to the infectious nature of viruses.

In one embodiment, it will be appreciated that the polypeptides of thepresent invention can also be expressed from a nucleic acid constructadministered to the individual employing any suitable mode ofadministration, described hereinabove (i.e., in-vivo gene therapy). Inone embodiment, the nucleic acid construct is introduced into a suitablecell via an appropriate gene delivery vehicle/method (transfection,transduction, homologous recombination, etc.) and an expression systemas needed and then the modified cells are expanded in culture andreturned to the individual (i.e., ex-vivo gene therapy).

In one embodiment, in vivo gene therapy using IFN has been attempted inanimal models such as rodents.

In one embodiment, plant expression vectors are used. In one embodiment,the expression of a polypeptide coding sequence is driven by a number ofpromoters. In some embodiments, viral promoters such as the 35S RNA and19S RNA promoters of CaMV [Brisson et al., Nature 310:511-514 (1984)],or the coat protein promoter to TMV [Takamatsu et al., EMBO J. 6:307-311(1987)] are used. In another embodiment, plant promoters are used suchas, for example, the small subunit of RUBISCO [Coruzzi et al., EMBO J.3:1671-1680 (1984); and Brogli et al., Science 224:838-843 (1984)] orheat shock promoters, e.g., soybean hsp17.5-E or hsp17.3-B [Gurley etal., Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:559-565 (1986)]. In one embodiment, constructsare introduced into plant cells using Ti plasmid, Ri plasmid, plantviral vectors, direct DNA transformation, microinjection,electroporation and other techniques well known to the skilled artisan.See, for example, Weissbach & Weissbach [Methods for Plant MolecularBiology, Academic Press, NY, Section VIII, pp 421-463 (1988)]. Otherexpression systems such as insects and mammalian host cell systems,which are well known in the art, can also be used by the presentinvention.

It will be appreciated that other than containing the necessary elementsfor the transcription and translation of the inserted coding sequence(encoding the polypeptide), the expression construct of the presentinvention can also include sequences engineered to optimize stability,production, purification, yield or activity of the expressedpolypeptide.

Various methods, in some embodiments, can be used to introduce theexpression vector of the present invention into the host cell system. Insome embodiments, such methods are generally described in Sambrook etal., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Springs HarborLaboratory, New York (1989, 1992), in Ausubel et al., Current Protocolsin Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, Baltimore, Md. (1989), Changet al., Somatic Gene Therapy, CRC Press, Ann Arbor, Mich. (1995), Vegaet al., Gene Targeting, CRC Press, Ann Arbor Mich. (1995), Vectors: ASurvey of Molecular Cloning Vectors and Their Uses, Butterworths, BostonMass. (1988) and Gilboa et at. [Biotechniques 4 (6): 504-512, 1986] andinclude, for example, stable or transient transfection, lipofection,electroporation and infection with recombinant viral vectors. Inaddition, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,464,764 and 5,487,992 forpositive-negative selection methods.

In some embodiments, transformed cells are cultured under effectiveconditions, which allow for the expression of high amounts ofrecombinant polypeptide. In some embodiments, effective cultureconditions include, but are not limited to, effective media, bioreactor,temperature, pH and oxygen conditions that permit protein production. Inone embodiment, an effective medium refers to any medium in which a cellis cultured to produce the recombinant polypeptide of the presentinvention. In some embodiments, a medium typically includes an aqueoussolution having assimilable carbon, nitrogen and phosphate sources, andappropriate salts, minerals, metals and other nutrients, such asvitamins. In some embodiments, cells of the present invention can becultured in conventional fermentation bioreactors, shake flasks, testtubes, microtiter dishes and petri plates. In some embodiments,culturing is carried out at a temperature, pH and oxygen contentappropriate for a recombinant cell. In some embodiments, culturingconditions are within the expertise of one of ordinary skill in the art.

In some embodiments, depending on the vector and host system used forproduction, resultant polypeptides of the present invention eitherremain within the recombinant cell, secreted into the fermentationmedium, secreted into a space between two cellular membranes, such asthe periplasmic space in E. coli; or retained on the outer surface of acell or viral membrane.

In one embodiment, following a predetermined time in culture, recoveryof the recombinant polypeptide is effected.

In one embodiment, the phrase “recovering the recombinant polypeptide”used herein refers to collecting the whole fermentation mediumcontaining the polypeptide and need not imply additional steps ofseparation or purification.

In one embodiment, polypeptides of the present invention are purifiedusing a variety of standard protein purification techniques, such as,but not limited to, affinity chromatography, ion exchangechromatography, filtration, electrophoresis, hydrophobic interactionchromatography, gel filtration chromatography, reverse phasechromatography, concanavalin A chromatography, chromatofocusing anddifferential solubilization.

In one embodiment, to facilitate recovery, the expressed coding sequencecan be engineered to encode the polypeptide of the present invention andfused cleavable moiety. In one embodiment, a fusion protein can bedesigned so that the polypeptide can be readily isolated by affinitychromatography; e.g., by immobilization on a column specific for thecleavable moiety. In one embodiment, a cleavage site is engineeredbetween the polypeptide and the cleavable moiety and the polypeptide canbe released from the chromatographic column by treatment with anappropriate enzyme or agent that specifically cleaves the fusion proteinat this site [e.g., see Booth et al., Immunol. Lett. 19:65-70 (1988);and Gardella et al., J. Biol. Chem. 265:15854-15859 (1990)].

In one embodiment, the polypeptide of the present invention is retrievedin “substantially pure” form.

In one embodiment, the phrase “substantially pure” refers to a puritythat allows for the effective use of the protein in the applicationsdescribed herein.

In one embodiment, the polypeptide of the present invention can also besynthesized using in vitro expression systems. In one embodiment, invitro synthesis methods are well known in the art and the components ofthe system are commercially available.

In some embodiments, the recombinant polypeptides are synthesized andpurified; their therapeutic efficacy can be assayed either in vivo or invitro. In one embodiment, the binding activities of the recombinant IFNpolypeptides Of the present invention can be ascertained using variousassays as described in Examples 2-6 and 8-9.

In another embodiment, a polypeptide as described herein comprising IFNas well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same are used totreat cancers such as hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, Kaposi'ssarcoma, bladder cancer, chronic myelocytic leukemia, kidney cancer,carcinoid tumors, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, ovarian cancer, and skincancers.

In another embodiment, polypeptides of the present invention comprisingIFN as well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same are usedto treat a subject afflicted with chronic hepatitis C (CHC), condylomataacuminata (CA), chronic hepatitis B, follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma,multiple sclerosis, chronic granulomatous disease, Mycobacterium aviumcomplex (MAC), pulmonary fibrosis osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis.

In another embodiment, polypeptides of the present invention comprisingIFN α-2a as well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same areindicated for hairy cell leukemia (HCL), acquired immune deficiencysyndrome(AIDS)-related Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), chronic-phase Philadelphia(Ph) chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and chronichepatitis C (CHC). IFN α-2a dosage varies depending on the indication.In another embodiment, the effectiveness of IFN α-2a as anantineoplastic, immunomodulator and antiviral agent has beenestablished.

In another embodiment, polypeptides of the present invention comprisingIFN α-2b as well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same areindicated for HCL, AIDS-related to Kaposi's sarcoma and CHC.It is alsoindicated for condylomata acuminata (CA), chronic hepatitis B, malignantmelanoma and follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. IFN α-2b dosage variesdepending on its indication of usage.

In another embodiment, polypeptides of the present invention comprisingIFN β are administered in a dose of 1-90 micrograms in 0.1-5 mlsolution. In another embodiment, polypeptides of the present inventioncomprising IFN β are administered in a dose of 1-50 micrograms in 0.1-5ml solution. In another embodiment, polypeptides of the presentinvention comprising IFN β are administered in a dose of 1-25 microgramsin 0.1-5 ml solution. In another embodiment, polypeptides of the presentinvention comprising IFN β are administered in a dose of 50-90micrograms in 0.1-5 ml solution. In another embodiment, polypeptides ofthe present invention comprising IFN β are administered in a dose of10-50 micrograms in 0.1-5 ml solution. In another embodiment,polypeptides of the present invention comprising IFN β are administeredin a dose of 1-90 micrograms in 0.1-5 ml solution by intramuscular (IM)injection once a week. In another embodiment, polypeptides of thepresent invention comprising IFN β are administered in a dose of 1-90micrograms in 0.1-5 ml solution by intramuscular (IM) injection twice aweek. In another embodiment, polypeptides of the present inventioncomprising IFN β are administered in a dose of 1-90 micrograms in 0.1-5ml solution by intramuscular (IM) injection three times a week. Inanother embodiment, polypeptides of the present invention comprising IFNβ are administered in a dose of 1-90 micrograms in 0.1-5 ml solution byintramuscular (IM) injection once every two weeks. In anotherembodiment, polypeptides of the present invention comprising IFN β areadministered in a dose of 1-90 micrograms in 0.1-5 ml solution byintramuscular (IM) injection once every 17 days. In another embodiment,polypeptides of the present invention comprising IFN β are administeredin a dose of 1-90 micrograms in 0.1-5 ml solution by intramuscular (IM)injection once every 19 days weeks. Assaf-Does this paragraph include IVand SC administration.

In another embodiment, polypeptides of the present invention compriserecombinant IFN. In another embodiment, polypeptides of the presentinvention comprise recombinant IFN-β. In another embodiment,polypeptides of the present invention comprise recombinant IFN-α. Inanother embodiment, various recombinant IFN are known to one of skill inthe art.

In another embodiment, protein drugs of molecular weight lower than50,000 daltons, such as interferons, are in general short-lived speciesin vivo, having short circulatory half-lives of several hours. Inanother embodiment, the subcutaneous route of administration in generalprovides slower release into the circulation. In another embodiment, theCTP modified polypeptide of the invention prolongs the half-live ofprotein drugs of molecular weight lower than 50,000 daltons, such asinterferons. In another embodiment, the CTP modified polypeptide of theinvention enable interferons to exert their beneficial effects for alonger period of time.

In another embodiment, the immunogenicity of a CTP modified polypeptidecomprising IFN is equal to an isolated IFN protein. In anotherembodiment, the immunogenicity of a CTP modified polypeptide comprisingIFN is comparable to an isolated IFN protein. In another embodiment, theCTP modified polypeptide comprising IFN is as active as an isolated IFNprotein. In another embodiment, the CTP modified polypeptide comprisingIFN is more active than an isolated IFN protein. In another embodiment,the CTP modified polypeptide comprising IFN maximize the IFN protectionagainst degradation while minimizing reductions in bioactivity.

In another embodiment, the polypeptides of the present invention can beprovided to the individual per se. In one embodiment, the polypeptidesof the present invention can be provided to the individual as part of apharmaceutical composition where it is mixed with a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier.

In another embodiment, a “pharmaceutical composition” refers to apreparation of one or more of the active ingredients described hereinwith other chemical components such as physiologically suitable carriersand excipients. The purpose of a pharmaceutical composition is tofacilitate administration of a compound to an organism.

In another embodiment, “active ingredient” refers to the polypeptidesequence of interest, which is accountable for the biological effect.

In another embodiment, any of the compositions of this invention willcomprise at least two CTP sequences bound to a protein of interest, inany form. In one embodiment, the present invention provides combinedpreparations. In one embodiment, “a combined preparation” definesespecially a “kit of parts” in the sense that the combination partnersas defined above can be dosed independently or by use of different fixedcombinations with distinguished amounts of the combination partnersi.e., simultaneously, concurrently, separately or sequentially. In someembodiments, the parts of the kit of parts can then, e.g., beadministered simultaneously or chronologically staggered, that is atdifferent time points and with equal or different time intervals for anypart of the kit of parts. The ratio of the total amounts of thecombination partners, in some embodiments, can be administered in thecombined preparation. In one embodiment, the combined preparation can bevaried, e.g., in order to cope with the needs of a patient subpopulationto be treated or the needs of the single patient which different needscan be due to a particular disease, severity of a disease, age, sex, orbody weight as can be readily made by a person skilled in the art.

In another embodiment, the phrases “physiologically acceptable carrier”and “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” which be interchangeably usedrefer to a carrier or a diluent that does not cause significantirritation to an organism and does not abrogate the biological activityand properties of the administered compound. An adjuvant is includedunder these phrases. In one embodiment, one of the ingredients includedin the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can be for examplepolyethylene glycol (PEG), a biocompatible polymer with a wide range ofsolubility in both organic and aqueous media (Mutter et al. (1979).

In another embodiment, “excipient” refers to an inert substance added toa pharmaceutical composition to further facilitate administration of anactive ingredient. In one embodiment, excipients include calciumcarbonate, calcium phosphate, various sugars and types of starch,cellulose derivatives, gelatin, vegetable oils and polyethylene glycols.

Techniques for formulation and administration of drugs are found in“Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,” Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.,latest edition, which is incorporated herein by reference.

In another embodiment, suitable routes of administration, for example,include oral, rectal, transmucosal, transnasal, intestinal or parenteraldelivery, including intramuscular, subcutaneous and intramedullaryinjections as well as intrathecal, direct intraventricular, intravenous,intraperitoneal, intranasal, or intraocular injections.

In another embodiment, the preparation is administered in a local ratherthan systemic manner, for example, via injection of the preparationdirectly into a specific region of a patient's body.

Various embodiments of dosage ranges are contemplated by this invention.The dosage of the polypeptide of the present invention, in oneembodiment, is in the range of 0.005-10 mg/day. In another embodiment,the dosage is in the range of 0.005-5 mg/day. In another embodiment, thedosage is in the range of 0.01-10 mg/day. In another embodiment, thedosage is in the range of 0.1-10 mg/day. In another embodiment, thedosage is in the range of 0.01-5 mg/day. In another embodiment, thedosage is in the range of 0.001-0.01 mg/day. In another embodiment, thedosage is in the range of 0.001-0.1 mg/day. In another embodiment, thedosage is in the range of 0.1-0.5 mg/day. In another embodiment, thedosage is in the range of 0.5-1 mg/day. In another embodiment, thedosage is in the range of 0.2-1 mg/day. In another embodiment, thedosage is in the range of 0.8-3 mg/day. In another embodiment, thedosage is in the range of 1-5 mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosageis in a range of 5-10 mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is inthe range of 8-15 mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in arange of 10-20 mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in the rangeof 20-40 mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in the range of40-60 mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in a range of 50-100mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is in a range of 1-20 mg/day.In another embodiment, the dosage is in the range of 0.1-50 mg/day. Inanother embodiment, the dosage is in the range of 0.05-50 mg/day.

In one embodiment, the dosage is 0.01 mg/day. In another embodiment, thedosage is 0.1 mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is 1 mg/day. Inanother embodiment, the dosage is 0.5 mg/day. In another embodiment, thedosage is 0.05 mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is 2 mg/day. Inanother embodiment, the dosage is 10 mg/day. In another embodiment, thedosage is 20 mg/day. In another embodiment, the dosage is 5 mg/day.

In another embodiment, the dosage is 1-90 micrograms mg/day. In anotherembodiment, the dosage is 1-90 micrograms mg/2 days. In anotherembodiment, the dosage is 1-90 micrograms mg/3 days. In anotherembodiment, the dosage is 1-90 micrograms mg/4 days. In anotherembodiment, the dosage is 1-90 micrograms mg/5 days. In anotherembodiment, the dosage is 1-90 micrograms mg/6 days. In anotherembodiment, the dosage is 1-90 micrograms mg/week. In anotherembodiment, the dosage is 1-90 micrograms mg/9 days. In anotherembodiment, the dosage is 1-90 micrograms mg/11 days. In anotherembodiment, the dosage is 1-90 micrograms mg/14 days.

In another embodiment, the dosage is 10-50 micrograms mg/day. In anotherembodiment, the dosage is 10-50 micrograms mg/2 days. In anotherembodiment, the dosage is 10-50 micrograms mg/3 days. In anotherembodiment, the dosage is 10-50 micrograms mg/4 days. In anotherembodiment, the dosage is 10-50 micrograms mg/5 days. In anotherembodiment, the dosage is 10-50 micrograms mg/6 days. In anotherembodiment, the dosage is 10-50 micrograms mg/week. In anotherembodiment, the dosage is 10-50 micrograms mg/9 days. In anotherembodiment, the dosage is 10-50 micrograms mg/11 days. In anotherembodiment, the dosage is 10-50 micrograms mg/14 days.

Oral administration, in one embodiment, comprises a unit dosage formcomprising tablets, capsules, lozenges, chewable tablets, suspensions,emulsions and the like. Such unit dosage forms comprise a safe andeffective amount of the desired compound polypeptide of the invention.The pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers suitable for the preparation ofunit dosage forms for peroral administration are well-known in the art.In some embodiments, tablets typically comprise conventionalpharmaceutically-compatible adjuvants as inert diluents, such as calciumcarbonate, sodium carbonate, mannitol, lactose and cellulose; binderssuch as starch, gelatin and sucrose; disintegrants such as starch,alginic acid and croscarmelose; lubricants such as magnesium stearate,stearic acid and talc. In one embodiment, glidants such as silicondioxide can be used to improve flow characteristics of thepowder-mixture. In one embodiment, coloring agents, such as the FD&Cdyes, can be added for appearance. Sweeteners and flavoring agents, suchas aspartame, saccharin, menthol, peppermint, and fruit flavors, areuseful adjuvants for chewable tablets. Capsules typically comprise oneor more solid diluents disclosed above. In some embodiments, theselection of carrier components depends on secondary considerations liketaste, cost, and shelf stability, which are not critical for thepurposes of this invention, and can be readily made by a person skilledin the art.

In one embodiment, the oral dosage form comprises predefined releaseprofile. In one embodiment, the oral dosage form of the presentinvention comprises an extended release tablets, capsules, lozenges orchewable tablets. In one embodiment, the oral dosage form of the presentinvention comprises a slow release tablets, capsules, lozenges orchewable tablets. In one embodiment, the oral dosage form of the presentinvention comprises an immediate release tablets, capsules, lozenges orchewable tablets. In one embodiment, the oral dosage form is formulatedaccording to the desired release profile of the pharmaceutical activeingredient as known to one skilled in the art.

Peroral compositions, in some embodiments, comprise liquid solutions,emulsions, suspensions, and the like. In some embodiments,pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers suitable for preparation of suchcompositions are well known in the art. In some embodiments, liquid oralcompositions comprise from about 0.001% to about 0.933% of the desiredcompound or compounds, or in another embodiment, from about 0.01% toabout 1%.

In some embodiments, compositions for use in the methods of thisinvention comprise solutions or emulsions, which in some embodiments areaqueous solutions or emulsions comprising a safe and effective amount ofthe compounds of the present invention and optionally, other compounds,intended for topical intranasal administration. In some embodiments, hcompositions comprise from about 0.001% to about 10.0% w/v of a subjectcompound, more preferably from about 00.1% to about 2.0, which is usedfor systemic delivery of the compounds by the intranasal route.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions are administeredby intravenous, intra-arterial, or intramuscular injection of a liquidpreparation. In some embodiments, liquid formulations include solutions,suspensions, dispersions, emulsions, oils and the like. In oneembodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions are administeredintravenously, and are thus formulated in a form suitable forintravenous administration. In another embodiment, the pharmaceuticalcompositions are administered intra-arterially, and are thus formulatedin a form suitable for intra-arterial administration. In anotherembodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions are administeredintramuscularly, and are thus formulated in a form suitable forintramuscular administration.

Further, in another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions areadministered topically to body surfaces, and are thus formulated in aform suitable for topical administration. Suitable topical formulationsinclude gels, ointments, creams, lotions, drops and the like. Fortopical administration, the compounds of the present invention arecombined with an additional appropriate therapeutic agent or agents,prepared and applied as solutions, suspensions, or emulsions in aphysiologically acceptable diluent with or without a pharmaceuticalcarrier.

In one embodiment, pharmaceutical compositions of the present inventionare manufactured by processes well known in the art, e.g., by means ofconventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating,emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or lyophilizing processes.

In one embodiment, pharmaceutical compositions for use in accordancewith the present invention is formulated in conventional manner usingone or more physiologically acceptable carriers comprising excipientsand auxiliaries, which facilitate processing of the active ingredientsinto preparations which, can be used pharmaceutically. In oneembodiment, formulation is dependent upon the route of administrationchosen.

In one embodiment, injectables, of the invention are formulated inaqueous solutions. In one embodiment, injectables, of the invention areformulated in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hank'ssolution, Ringer's solution, or physiological salt buffer. In someembodiments, for transmucosal administration, penetrants appropriate tothe barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrantsare generally known in the art.

In one embodiment, the preparations described herein are formulated forparenteral administration, e.g., by bolus injection or continuousinfusion. In some embodiments, formulations for injection are presentedin unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multidose containers withoptionally, an added preservative. In some embodiments, compositions aresuspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, andcontain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/ordispersing agents.

The compositions also comprise, in some embodiments, preservatives, suchas benzalkonium chloride and thimerosal and the like; chelating agents,such as edetate sodium and others; buffers such as phosphate, citrateand acetate; tonicity agents such as sodium chloride, potassiumchloride, glycerin, mannitol and others; antioxidants such as ascorbicacid, acetylcystine, sodium metabisulfote and others; aromatic agents;viscosity adjustors, such as polymers, including cellulose andderivatives thereof; and polyvinyl alcohol and acid and bases to adjustthe pH of these aqueous compositions as needed. The compositions alsocomprise, in some embodiments, local anesthetics or other actives. Thecompositions can be used as sprays, mists, drops, and the like.

In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions for parenteraladministration include aqueous solutions of the active preparation inwater-soluble form. Additionally, suspensions of the active ingredients,in some embodiments, are prepared as appropriate oily or water basedinjection suspensions. Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include,in some embodiments, fatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fattyacid esters such as ethyl oleate, triglycerides or liposomes. Aqueousinjection suspensions contain, in some embodiments, substances, whichincrease the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol or dextran. In another embodiment, the suspensionalso contain suitable stabilizers or agents which increase thesolubility of the active ingredients to allow for the preparation ofhighly concentrated solutions.

In another embodiment, the active compound can be delivered in avesicle, in particular a liposome (see Langer, Science 249:1527-1533(1990); Treat et al., in Liposomes in the Therapy of Infectious Diseaseand Cancer, Lopez-Berestein and Fidler (eds.), Liss, New York, pp.353-365 (1989); Lopez-Berestein, ibid., pp. 317-327; see generallyibid).

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition delivered in acontrolled release system is formulated for intravenous infusion,implantable osmotic pump, transdermal patch, liposomes, or other modesof administration. In one embodiment, a pump is used (see Langer, supra;Sefton, CRC Crit. Ref. Biomed. Eng. 14:201 (1987); Buchwald et al.,Surgery 88:507 (1980); Saudek et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 321:574 (1989).In another embodiment, polymeric materials can be used. In yet anotherembodiment, a controlled release system can be placed in proximity tothe therapeutic target, i.e., the brain, thus requiring only a fractionof the systemic dose (see, e.g., Goodson, in Medical Applications ofControlled Release, supra, vol. 2, pp. 115-138 (1984). Other controlledrelease systems are discussed in the review by Langer (Science249:1527-1533 (1990).

In some embodiments, the active ingredient is in powder form forconstitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile, pyrogen-free waterbased solution, before use. Compositions are formulated, in someembodiments, for atomization and inhalation administration. In anotherembodiment, compositions are contained in a container with attachedatomizing means.

In one embodiment, the preparation of the present invention isformulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retentionenemas, using, e.g., conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butteror other glycerides.

In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions suitable for use incontext of the present invention include compositions wherein the activeingredients are contained in an amount effective to achieve the intendedpurpose. In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount meansan amount of active ingredients effective to prevent, alleviate orameliorate symptoms of disease or prolong the survival of the subjectbeing treated.

In one embodiment, determination of a therapeutically effective amountis well within the capability of those skilled in the art.

The compositions also comprise preservatives, such as benzalkoniumchloride and thimerosal and the like; chelating agents, such as edetatesodium and others; buffers such as phosphate, citrate and acetate;tonicity agents such as sodium chloride, potassium chloride, glycerin,mannitol and others; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, acetylcystine,sodium metabisulfote and others; aromatic agents; viscosity adjustors,such as polymers, including cellulose and derivatives thereof; andpolyvinyl alcohol and acid and bases to adjust the pH of these aqueouscompositions as needed. The compositions also comprise local anestheticsor other actives. The compositions can be used as sprays, mists, drops,and the like.

Some examples of substances which can serve aspharmaceutically-acceptable carriers or components thereof are sugars,such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches, such as corn starch andpotato starch; cellulose and its derivatives, such as sodiumcarboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, and methyl cellulose; powderedtragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; solid lubricants, such as stearic acidand magnesium stearate; calcium sulfate; vegetable oils, such as peanutoil, cottonseed oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and oil oftheobroma; polyols such as propylene glycol, glycerine, sorbitol,mannitol, and polyethylene glycol; alginic acid; emulsifiers, such asthe Tween™ brand emulsifiers; wetting agents, such sodium laurylsulfate; coloring agents; flavoring agents; tableting agents,stabilizers; antioxidants; preservatives; pyrogen-free water; isotonicsaline; and phosphate buffer solutions. The choice of apharmaceutically-acceptable carrier to be used in conjunction with thecompound is basically determined by the way the compound is to beadministered. If the subject compound is to be injected, in oneembodiment, the pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier is sterile,physiological saline, with a blood-compatible suspending agent, the pHof which has been adjusted to about 7.4.

In addition, the compositions further comprise binders (e.g. acacia,cornstarch, gelatin, carbomer, ethyl cellulose, guar gum, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, povidone), disintegratingagents (e.g. cornstarch, potato starch, alginic acid, silicon dioxide,croscarmelose sodium, crospovidone, guar gum, sodium starch glycolate),buffers (e.g., Tris-HCI., acetate, phosphate) of various pH and ionicstrength, additives such as albumin or gelatin to prevent absorption tosurfaces, detergents (e.g., Tween 20, Tween 80, Pluronic F68, bile acidsalts), protease inhibitors, surfactants (e.g. sodium lauryl sulfate),permeation enhancers, solubilizing agents (e.g., glycerol, polyethyleneglycerol), anti-oxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid, sodium metabisulfite,butylated hydroxyanisole), stabilizers (e.g. hydroxypropyl cellulose,hyroxypropylmethyl cellulose), viscosity increasing agents(e.g.carbomer, colloidal silicon dioxide, ethyl cellulose, guar gum),sweeteners (e.g. aspartame, citric acid), preservatives (e.g.,Thimerosal, benzyl alcohol, parabens), lubricants (e.g. stearic acid,magnesium stearate, polyethylene glycol, sodium lauryl sulfate),flow-aids (e.g. colloidal silicon dioxide), plasticizers (e.g. diethylphthalate, triethyl citrate), emulsifiers (e.g. carbomer, hydroxypropylcellulose, sodium lauryl sulfate), polymer coatings (e.g., poloxamers orpoloxamines), coating and film forming agents (e.g. ethyl cellulose,acrylates, polymethacrylates) and/or adjuvants.

Typical components of carriers for syrups, elixirs, emulsions andsuspensions include ethanol, glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethyleneglycol, liquid sucrose, sorbitol and water. For a suspension, typicalsuspending agents include methyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, cellulose (e.g. Avicel™, RC-59.1), tragacanth and sodiumalginate; typical wetting agents include lecithin and polyethylene oxidesorbitan (e.g. polysorbate 80). Typical preservatives include methylparaben and sodium benzoate. In another embodiment, peroral liquidcompositions also contain one or more components such as sweeteners,flavoring agents and colorants disclosed above.

The compositions also include incorporation of the active material intoor onto particulate preparations of polymeric compounds such aspolylactic acid, polglycolic acid, hydrogels, etc, or onto liposomes,microemulsions, micelles, unilamellar or multilamellar vesicles,erythrocyte ghosts, or spheroplasts.) Such compositions will influencethe physical state, solubility, stability, rate of in vivo release, andrate of in vivo clearance.

Also comprehended by the invention are particulate compositions coatedwith polymers (e.g. poloxamers or poloxamines) and the compound coupledto antibodies directed against tissue-specific receptors, ligands orantigens or coupled to ligands of tissue-specific receptors.

In some embodiments, compounds modified by the covalent attachment ofwater-soluble polymers such as polyethylene glycol, copolymers ofpolyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol, carboxymethyl cellulose,dextran, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone or polyproline. Inanother embodiment, the modified compounds exhibit substantially longerhalf-lives in blood following intravenous injection than do thecorresponding unmodified compounds. In one embodiment, modificationsalso increase the compound's solubility in aqueous solution, eliminateaggregation, enhance the physical and chemical stability of thecompound, and greatly reduce the immunogenicity and reactivity of thecompound. In another embodiment, the desired in vivo biological activityis achieved by the administration of such polymer-compound abducts lessfrequently or in lower doses than with the unmodified compound.

In some embodiments, preparation of effective amount or dose can beestimated initially from in vitro assays. In one embodiment, a dose canbe formulated in animal models and such information can be used to moreaccurately determine useful doses in humans.

In one embodiment, toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of the activeingredients described herein can be determined by standardpharmaceutical procedures in vitro, in cell cultures or experimentalanimals. In one embodiment, the data obtained from these in vitro andcell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating arange of dosage for use in human. In one embodiment, the dosages varydepending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administrationutilized. In one embodiment, the exact formulation, route ofadministration and dosage can be chosen by the individual physician inview of the patient's condition. [See e.g., Fingl, et al., (1975) “ThePharmacological Basis of Therapeutics”, Ch. 1 p. 1].

In one embodiment, depending on the severity and responsiveness of thecondition to be treated, dosing can be of a single or a plurality ofadministrations, with course of treatment lasting from several days toseveral weeks or until cure is effected or diminution of the diseasestate is achieved.

In one embodiment, the amount of a composition to be administered will,of course, be dependent on the subject being treated, the severity ofthe affliction, the manner of administration, the judgment of theprescribing physician, etc.

In one embodiment, compositions including the preparation of the presentinvention formulated in a compatible pharmaceutical carrier are also beprepared, placed in an appropriate container, and labeled for treatmentof an indicated condition.

In another embodiment, a polypeptide as described herein is administeredvia systemic administration. In another embodiment, a polypeptide asdescribed herein is administered by intravenous, intramuscular orsubcutaneous injection. In another embodiment, a polypeptide asdescribed herein is lyophilized (i.e., freeze-dried) preparation incombination with complex organic excipients and stabilizers such asnonionic surface active agents (i.e., surfactants), various sugars,organic polyols and/or human serum albumin. In another embodiment, apharmaceutical composition comprises a lyophilized polypeptide asdescribed in sterile water for injection. In another embodiment, apharmaceutical composition comprises a lyophilized polypeptide asdescribed in sterile PBS for injection. In another embodiment, apharmaceutical composition comprises a lyophilized polypeptide asdescribed in sterile 0.9% NaCl for injection.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises apolypeptide as described herein and complex carriers such as human serumalbumin, polyols, sugars, and anionic surface active stabilizing agents.See, for example, WO 89/10756 (Hara et al.—containing polyol andp-hydroxybenzoate). In another embodiment, the pharmaceuticalcomposition' comprises a polypeptide as described herein and lactobionicacid and an acetate/glycine buffer. In another embodiment, thepharmaceutical composition comprises a polypeptide as described hereinand amino acids, such as arginine or glutamate that increase thesolubility of interferon compositions in water. In another embodiment,the pharmaceutical composition comprises a lyophilized polypeptide asdescribed herein and glycine or human serum albumin (HSA), a buffer (eg. acetate) and an isotonic agent (e.g NaCl). In another embodiment, thepharmaceutical composition comprises a lyophilized polypeptide asdescribed herein and phosphate buffer, glycine and HSA.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprising apolypeptide as described herein is stabilized when placed in bufferedsolutions having a pH between about 4 and 7.2. In another embodiment,the pharmaceutical composition comprising a polypeptide as describedherein is stabilized with an amino acid as a stabilizing agent and insome cases a salt (if the amino acid does not contain a charged sidechain).

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprising apolypeptide as described herein is a liquid composition comprising astabilizing agent at between about 0.3% and 5% by weight which is anamino acid.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprising apolypeptide as described herein provides dosing accuracy and productsafety. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprisinga polypeptide as described herein provides a biologically active, stableliquid formulation for use in injectable applications. In anotherembodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a non-lyophilizedpolypeptide as described herein.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprising apolypeptide as described herein provides a liquid formulation permittingstorage for a long period of time in a liquid state facilitating storageand shipping prior to administration.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprising apolypeptide as described herein comprises solid lipids as matrixmaterial. In another embodiment, the injectable pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a polypeptide as described herein comprises solidlipids as matrix material. In another embodiment, the production oflipid microparticles by spray congealing was described by Speiser(Speiser and al., Pharm. Res. 8 (1991) 47-54) followed by lipidnanopellets for peroral administration (Speiser EP 0167825 (1990)). Inanother embodiment, lipids, which are used, are well tolerated by thebody (e.g. glycerides composed of fatty acids which are present in theemulsions for parenteral nutrition).

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprising apolypeptide as described herein is in the form of liposomes (J. E.Diederichs and al., Pharm./nd. 56 (1994) 267-275).

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprising apolypeptide as described herein comprises polymeric microparticles. Inanother embodiment, the injectable pharmaceutical composition comprisinga polypeptide as described herein comprises polymeric microparticles. Inanother embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprising apolypeptide as described herein comprises nanoparticles. In anotherembodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprising a polypeptide asdescribed herein comprises liposomes. In another embodiment, thepharmaceutical composition comprising a polypeptide as described hereincomprises lipid emulsion In another embodiment, the pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a polypeptide as described herein comprisesmicrospheres. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a polypeptide as described herein comprises lipidnanoparticles. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a polypeptide as described herein comprises lipidnanoparticles comprising amphiphilic lipids. In another embodiment, thepharmaceutical composition comprising a polypeptide as described hereincomprises lipid nanoparticles comprising a drug, a lipid matrix and asurfactant. In another embodiment, the lipid matrix has a monoglyceridecontent which is at least 50% w/w.

In one embodiment, compositions of the present invention are presentedin a pack or dispenser device, such as an FDA approved kit, whichcontain one or more unit dosage forms containing the active ingredient.In one embodiment, the pack, for example, comprise metal or plasticfoil, such as a blister pack. In one embodiment, the pack or dispenserdevice is accompanied by instructions for administration. In oneembodiment, the pack or dispenser is accommodated by a notice associatedwith the container in a form prescribed by a governmental agencyregulating the manufacture, use or sale of pharmaceuticals, which noticeis reflective of approval by the agency of the form of the compositionsor human or veterinary administration. Such notice, in one embodiment,is labeling approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration forprescription drugs or of an approved product insert.

In one embodiment, it will be appreciated that the polypeptides of thepresent invention can be provided to the individual with additionalactive agents to achieve an improved therapeutic effect as compared totreatment with each agent by itself. In another embodiment, measures(e.g., dosing and selection of the complementary agent) are taken toadverse side effects which are associated with combination therapies.

Additional objects, advantages, and novel features of the presentinvention will become apparent to one ordinarily skilled in the art uponexamination of the following examples, which are not intended to belimiting. Additionally, each of the various embodiments and aspects ofthe present invention as delineated hereinabove and as claimed in theclaims section below finds experimental support in the followingexamples.

EXAMPLES

Generally, the nomenclature used herein and the laboratory proceduresutilized in the present invention include molecular, biochemical,microbiological and recombinant DNA techniques. Such techniques arethoroughly explained in the literature. See, for example, “MolecularCloning: A laboratory Manual” Sambrook et al., (1989); “CurrentProtocols in Molecular Biology” Volumes I-III Ausubel, R. M., ed.(1994); Ausubel et al., “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology”, JohnWiley and Sons, Baltimore, Md. (1989); Perbal, “A Practical Guide toMolecular Cloning”, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1988); Watson et al.,“Recombinant DNA”, Scientific American Books, New York; Birren et al.(eds) “Genome Analysis: A Laboratory Manual Series”, Vols. 1-4, ColdSpring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York (1998); methodologies as setforth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,666,828; 4,683,202; 4,801,531; 5,192,659 and5,272,057; “Cell Biology: A Laboratory Handbook”, Volumes I-III Cellis,J. E., ed. (1994); “Culture of Animal Cells—A Manual of Basic Technique”by Freshney, Wiley-Liss, N.Y. (1994), Third Edition; “Current Protocolsin Immunology” Volumes I-III Coligan J. E., ed. (1994); Stites et al.(eds), “Basic and Clinical Immunology” (8th Edition), Appleton & Lange,Norwalk, Conn. (1994); Mishell and Shiigi (eds), “Selected Methods inCellular Immunology”, W. H. Freeman and Co., New York (1980); availableimmunoassays are extensively described in the patent and scientificliterature, see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,791,932; 3,839,153;3,850,752; 3,850,578; 3,853,987; 3,867,517; 3,879,262; 3,901,654;3,935,074; 3,984,533; 3,996,345; 4,034,074; 4,098,876; 4,879,219;5,011,771 and 5,281,521; “Oligonucleotide Synthesis” Gait, M. J., ed.(1984); “Nucleic Acid Hybridization” Hames, B. D., and Higgins S. J.,eds. (1985); “Transcription and Translation” Hames, B. D., and HigginsS. J., eds. (1984); “Animal Cell Culture” Freshney, R. I., ed. (1986);“Immobilized Cells and Enzymes” IRL Press, (1986); “A Practical Guide toMolecular Cloning” Perbal, B., (1984) and “Methods in Enzymology” Vol.1-317, Academic Press; “PCR Protocols: A Guide To Methods AndApplications”, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990); Marshak et al.,“Strategies for Protein Purification and Characterization—A LaboratoryCourse Manual” CSHL Press (1996); all of which are incorporated byreference. Other general references are provided throughout thisdocument.

EXAMPLE 1 Construction of h IFNβ-CTP Variants

Construction of hIFNβ-CTP variants: A cassette gene containing theC-Terminal peptide (CTP) of the beta subunit of hCG was fused to thecoding sequence of human IFN beta 1a (SEQ ID NO: 2) at differentlocations. Seven IFNβ-CTP variants were constructed as illustrated inFIGS. 1A-G. The proIFNβ signal peptide was used for the construction ofthe secreted IFNβ-CTP variants. XbaI-NotI fragments containing IFNβsequences were ligated into the pCI-dhfr expression vector of thepresent invention.

Table 2 hereinbelow summarizes the primer sequences used forconstructing the CTP-containing polypeptides of the present invention.

TABLE 2 Restriction site SEQ (underlined Primer ID in number NO Sequencesequence) 40 20 5′ GAATTCTAGAGGACATGACCA XbaI AC 3′ 41^(R) 21 5′GCGGCCGCGGACTCATCAGTT NotI CCTCAGGTAGCCG 3′

IFNβ-1 901-1-p107-2 (IFNβ-1—SEQ ID NO: 6): The IFNβ-ctp clone wassynthesized by GeneArt (Geneart No. 0609229).

Then the XbaI-NotI fragment containing IFNβ-ctp sequence was ligatedinto pCI-dhfr expression vector. The amino acid sequence of this cloneis presented in SEQ ID NO: 5.

IFNβ-2 901-2-p113-3 (IFNβ-2—SEQ ID NO: 8): The XbaI/ApaI fragment(IFN-ctp) of pCI-dhfr-701-2-p24-2 (IFN-ctp×2) was replaced by theXbaI/ApaI fragment (IFNβ-ctp) of 901-1-p107-2 to create a IFN{tilde over(β)}ctp×2 clone. The amino acid sequence of this clone is presented inSEQ ID NO: 7.

IFNβ-4 901-4-p108-16 (IFNβ-4—SEQ ID NO: 12): The ctp-IFNβ-ctp-IFNβ clonewas synthesized by GeneArt (Geneart No.0609227).

Then the XbaI-NotI fragment containing sequence ctp-IFNβ-ctp-IFNβ wasligated into pCI-dhfr expression vector. The amino acid sequence of thisclone is presented in SEQ ID NO: 11.

IFNβ-6 901-6-p109-3 (IFNβ-6 SEQ ID NO;16): The ctp-IFNβ-ctp clone wassynthesized by GeneArt (Geneart No. 0609228).

Then the XbaI-NotI fragment containing sequence ctp-IFNβ-ctp was ligatedinto pCI-dhfr expression vector. The amino acid sequence of this cloneis presented in SEQ ID NO: 15.

IFNβ-5-p103-10 (IFNβ-5 SEQ ID NO; 14-(ctp-IFNβ): Primers were orderedfrom Sigma-Genosys. A PCR reaction was performed using primer 40 (SEQ IDNO: 20) and primer 41^(R) (SEQ ID NO:21) and plasmid DNA of thesynthesized ctp-IFNβ-ctp (Geneart No. 0609228) as a template; as aresult of the PCR amplification, a 677 by product was formed. The PCRfragment was digested with XbaI-NotI and the fragment containingctp-IFNβ sequence was ligated into our eukaryotic expression vectorpCI-dhfr to yield the 901-5-p103-10 clone. The amino acid sequence ofthis clone is presented in SEQ ID NO: 13.

IFNβ-3 901-3-p114-5 (IFNβ-3 SEQ ID NO: 10-(ctp-IFN-CTP(×2)): TheXbaI/ApaI fragment (IFN-ctp) of pCI-dhfr-701-2-p24-2 (IFN-ctp×2) wasreplaced by the XbaI/ApaI fragment (ctp-IFNβ-ctp) of 901-6-p109-3 tocreate a ctp-IFNβctp×2 clone. The amino acid sequence of this clone ispresented in SEQ ID NO: 9.

IFNβ-901-0-p102-1 (IFNβ-0 SEQ ID NO;2-(IFNβ): Primers were ordered fromSigma-Genosys. A PCR reaction was performed using primer 40 (SEQ IDNO:20) and primer 41^(R) (SEQ ID NO:21) and plasmid DNA of thesynthesized IFNβ-ctp (Geneart No. 0609229) as a template; as a result ofthe PCR amplification, a 599 by product was formed. The PCR fragment wasdigested with XbaI-NotI and the fragment containing IFNβ sequence wasligated into our eukaryotic expression vector pCI-dhfr to yield the901-0-p102-1 clone. The amino acid sequence of this clone is presentedin SEQ ID NO: 1.

EXAMPLE 2 Expression and Isolation of IFN-CTP Polypeptides Materials andMethods

DNA transfection and clone selection: DG44 cells were transfected withpCI-DHFR expression vectors containing IFNβ-CTP variants using FuGENE6Reagent (FuGENE Transfection Reagent—Roche Cat. 11 815 091 001). 48 hrfollowing transfection, cells were diluted and seeded at 50-200 cellsper well in a selective medium (CD DG44 Medium w/o HT (Gibco: Scotlandpart: #07990111A) Sku num.: ME060027 supplemented with 8 mM L-GlutamineBiological Industries: Cat: 03-020-1A) and 18 mL/L of 10% Pluronic F-68solution (Gibco: Cat: 240040-032). Selected clones were screened forhighest protein production using commercial ELISA. 3-5 producing clonesper each variant were frozen for a backup cell bank. A selected clonefor each variant was adapted to growth in larger scale cultures up to 1L flasks on an orbital shaker platform. Supernatants were collected andanalyzed by ELISA, SDS-PAGE and western blot. Following the withdrawalof aliquots, the protein-containing supernatants were kept frozen untilfurther use.

Cell culture: DG44 cells were maintained in DG44 medium with HT (cat#12610-010, Gibco) supplemented with 8 mM L-Glutamine (BiologicalIndustries: Cat: 03-020-1A) and 18 mL/L of 10% Pluronic F-68 solution(Gibco: Cat: 240040-032), at 37° C. in humidified 8% CO₂ incubator.Transfected clones were maintained in DG44 basal medium without HTsupplement, hypoxanthine and thymidine, with pluronic acid andL-glutamine.

Sample preparation: Supernatants were collected, filtrated and analyzedby ELISA to determine protein concentration. SDS-PAGE and western blotwere used to determine purity and identity. Following ELISA, sampleconcentrations were defined and the solution was dialyzed against PBS.Following the withdrawal of aliquots, the protein-contained supernatantswere kept frozen at −20° C. until further use.

Western Blotting: Samples were electrophoresed on nondenaturing 15%SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Gels were allowed to equilibrate for 10 min in25 mM Tris and 192 mM glycine in 20% (vol/vol) methanol). Proteins weretransferred to a 0.2 μm pore size nitrocellulose membrane (Sigma, SaintLouis, Mo.) at 250 mA for 3 h, using a Mini Trans-Blot electrophoresiscell (Biorad Laboratories, Richmond, Calif.). The nitrocellulosemembrane was incubated in 5% non-fat dry milk for 2 h at roomtemperature. The membrane was incubated with IFN anti-serum (1:1000titer) overnight at 4° C. followed by three consecutive washes in PBScontaining 0.1% Tween (10 min/wash). The membrane was incubated withsecondary antibody conjugated to Horse Radish Peroxidase (HRP) (Zymed,San Francisco, Calif.) for 2 h at room temperature, followed by threewashes. Finally, the nitrocellulose paper was reacted with enhancedchemiluminescent substrate (ECL) (Pierce, Rockford, Ill.) for 5 min,dried with a Whatman sheet, and exposed to X-ray film.

FIG. 1 indicates that MOD-901X-variants are recognized by anti IFN-β1aantibodies. The SDS PAGE gel was stained using coomassie blue (a) or(B). blotted and stained using monoclonal anti-IFN-β1a antibodies

EXAMPLE 3 The IFN-CTP Polypeptides Are Bioactive

To determine the bioactivity of MOD-901X variants through itsrecognition and binding to the IFN receptor. Daudi cell line (humanBurkitt lymphoma) ATCC catalog No, CCL-213™ (one of the most sensitivecell lines to the anti-proliferative effect of IFN-β1a) were used. Daudicells, grown in suspension were treated with different concentrations ofIFN-β1a (50-1000 pg/ml final concentration) and incubated for 72 hours.The number of viable cells was measured using CellTiter 96® AQueous OneSolution Cell Proliferation Assay kit (Promega G3580) according tomanufacturer procedures. The assay's standard curve was prepared usingrecombinant human IFN-β1a (PtoSpec—Tany TechnoGene).

IFN-β1a is a cytokine that exhibit antiviral activity against a varietyof viruses. The potency of IFN-β1a as an antiviral agent can bedetermined by a viral cytophatic effect (CPE) bioassay that measures theability of the protein to protect human lung carcinoma A549 cells (grownat 37° C., 5% CO₂) challenged with encephalomyocarditis (ECM) virus.A549 cells were plated into 96 well microtiter plate. Serial dilutionsof IFN-β1a standards and test samples were added and 24 h later thecells were challenged with ECP virus. Viable cells were quantified twodays later.

The potency (titer) of an IFN-β1a test sample is determined as thereciprocal of the dilution represented in the well in which 50% of thecell monolayer is protected from the CPE virus. The actual potency iscalculated by comparing the sample's protective effect with the sameeffect of a reference standard calibrated in International Units,provided by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases(NIH). The results are shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Specific Activity IU/mg ×10{circumflex over ( )}8 Anti- Anti-IC50 viral proliferation pg/ml Intl. Standard 2.00 318 IFNb-0 3.90 2.53251 IFNb-1 4.00 2.41 264 IFNb-2 4.00 1.90 334 IFNb-3 4.00 2.77 230IFNb-5 4.00 6.24 102 IFNb-6 3.70 1.97 323 *concentration was determinedby Elisa assay

Conclusion: The activity of MOD-901X variants as measured by itsantiviral effects were at normal range of the Intl' standard and similarto rhIFN. Same effect was observed in anti-proliferation assay exceptfor MOD-9015 which was 3 times more potent than the other variants.IFNb-0 is (SEQ ID NO: 1). IFNb-1 is (SEQ ID NO: 5, MOD-9011). IFNb-2 is(SEQ ID NO: 7, MOD-9012). IFNb-3 is (SEQ ID NO: 9, MOD-9013). IFNb-4 is(SEQ ID NO: 11, MOD-9014). IFNb-5 is (SEQ ID NO: 13, MOD-9015). IFNb-6is (SEQ ID NO: 15, MOD-9016).

EXAMPLE 4 Comparative Pharmacokinetics (MOD-901X Variants, Avonex andRebif)

In order to determine the pharmacokinetics of MOD-901× and compare it tothat of commercial IFN-β1a (Rebif, Avonex) data statistical analysis wasperformed. The analysis included analysis of serum samples that wasperformed in order to determine specific concentration levels for eachsample. Concentration and time-point data were processed using WinNonLinnocomparmental analysis. The following parameters were determined: AUC,CL, Ke, t1/2, Cmax, Tmax, and Vdz.

The experimental design is provided in table 4.

TABLE 4 Equimolar Species/ Dose Dose Time-Points ^(±) No. Drug N RouteGender (μg/Kg) Vol.(ml) (hours post-dose) 1 Avonex 3 IV/SC SD rat/Male38/66 0.3/0.5 0 (Pre-dose) 0.5, 4, 8, 24, 48, 96. 2 Rebif 3 IV/SC SDrat/Male 38/66 0.3/0.5 0.5, 4, 8, 24, 48, 96. 3 MOD-9011 3 IV/SC SDrat/Male 38/66 0.3/0.5 0.5, 4, 8, 24, 48, 96. 4 MOD-9012 3 IV/SC SDrat/Male 38/66 0.3/0.5 0.5, 4, 8, 24, 48, 96. 5 MOD-9013 3 IV/SC SDrat/Male 38/66 0.3/0.5 0.5, 4, 8, 24, 48, 96. 6 MOD-9015 3 IV/SC SDrat/Male 38/66 0.3/0.5 0.5, 4, 8, 24, 48, 96. 7 MOD-9016 3 IV/SC SDrat/Male 38/66 0.3/0.5 0.5, 4, 8, 24, 48, 96. # 3 rats per time point.

FIG. 2 show the change in serum concentration of IFN-β1a or. MOD-901×concentrations (ng/ml) following single-dose IV administration ofIFN-β1a or MOD-901× in SD rats.

Table 5 show the mean pharmacokinetic parameters following single-doseIV or Sub-Cutaneous (SC) administration of IFN-β1a and MOD-901× inSpargue-Dawley rats.

TABLE 5 PK Statistics IV Parameters Units Avonex Rebif MOD-9011 MOD-9012MOD-9015 MOD-9013 MOD-9016 Dose μq 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 AUClast hr*ng/mL 83.9106.4 185.3 417 369.4 2562.9 879.6 Cmax ng/ml Tmax hr MRT hr 1.5 1.3 2.111.3 2 12.1 9.6 T½ α hr 1.02 0.9 1.43 2.17 1.4 2.53 2.22 T½ β hr 7.828.36 6.66 # Parameters was generated for individual rats and the meandata are presented here.

In conclusion: IFN-β1a with 3 CTP units has 8 times longer half-lifethan that of Rebif or Avonex when injected IV.

FIG. 4 shows the mean plasma of Rebif, MOD-9012, and MOD-9013concentrations (ng/ml) following single-dose IV or SC administration ofIFN-β1a, MOD-9012 or MOD-9013 in SD rats (n=3 per dose/route/timepoint).IFN-β1a serum concentrations were determined using commercial ELISA kit.

Table 6 displays the mean pharmacokinetic parameters followingsingle-dose IV or SC administration of Rebif, MOD-9012, and MOD-9013 inSpargue-Dawley rats.

TABLE 6 PK Statistics SC IV Parameters Units Rebif MOD-9012 MOD-9013Parameters Rebif MOD-9012 MOD-9013 Dose μq 10 10 10 Dose 5 5 5 AUClasthr*ng/mL 34.8 498.5 2299.5 AUClast 106.4 417 2562.9 Cmax ng/ml 6.6 19.761.1 Cmax Tmax hr 2 8 8 Tmax MRT hr 4.1 15.9 24.1 MRT 1.3 11.3 12.1 T½ab hr 0.6 2.75 3.1 T½ α 0.9 2.17 2.53 T½ el hr 2.1 9.5 14.2 T½ β 7.828.36 # Parameters were generated for individual rats and the mean dataare presented.

In conclusion, IFN-β1a with 3 CTP units (MOD-9013) has 9.2 times longerhalf-life than that of Rebif when injected IV and 6.7 times longerhalf-life when injected SC. AUClast of MOD-9013 is 66 times better thenRebif when injected SC and 24 times when injected IV. MRT of MOD-9013 is5.8 times better when injected SC and 9.3 times when injected IV.

The MOD-9013 molecule which comprises one CTP attached to the N-terminusof IFN-β1a and two CTP attached to its C-terminus was tested in-vitrofor its ability to bind to the human IFN receptor and in-vivo for itspharmacokinetic performance. The conclusions of these studies can besummarized as follows: (1) The in-vitro anti-proliferation activity ofMOD-9013 as demonstrated in the daudi cells assay was similar to theinternational standard and to that of MOD-9010 (rIFN-131 a expressed byModigene). (2) The anti-viral protective activity of MOD-9013 shown inDaudi cells was same as the international standard and as of that ofMOD-9010 (rIFN-β1a expressed by Modigene). (3) In terms of itspharmacokinetic features MOD-9013 was compared in SD rats to Rebif andAvonex. Following a single IV/SC injection of 38/66 μg/kg, Clearance ofMOD-9013 from SD rats blood was significantly slower than that for Rebifand Avonex. The corresponding calculated half life times and AUCs were:For IV administration:

Rebif T1/2 1 h, AUC106 hr*ng/mL MOD-9013 T1/2 8.4 h, AUC2563 hr*ng/mLFor SC administration:

Rebif T1/2 2.1 h, AUC34.8 hr*ng/mL MOD-9013 T1/2 14.2 h, AUC2299.5hr*ng/mL

The superior performance of MOD-9013 to stimulate anti-viral andanti-proliferation activity and to retain long lasting stimulationresults from three main reasons: i) Addition of up to 24 sialic acidresidues; ii) Stabilizing effect on the IFN-β1a molecule by fusing theCTP cassettes to both N and C termini; and iii) Increase in molecularweight of the whole molecule from ˜31,242-48,000 Daltons.

As shown hereinabove, different levels of potency were exerted byIFN-CTP polypeptides, indicating differences in receptor binding.IFN-CTP polypeptides differ by the number of CTP cassettes and thelocation to which they are fused. MOD-9011 and MOD-9012 contain 1 CTPsequence or 2 CTP sequences at the C-terminal of IFN protein, whileMOD-9013 contains 1 CTP at N-terminal and 2 CTP sequences at C-terminal.MOD-9014 is a dimer of two IFN molecules linked by CTP sequence.MOD-9013 demonstrated unexpected potency level.

1. A polypeptide comprising an interferon (IFN) protein and at least onechorionic gonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptide (CTP) attached to anamino terminus of said interferon protein and at least two chorionicgonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptides attached to a carboxy terminusof said interferon protein.
 2. The polypeptide of claim 1, comprisingone chorionic gonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptide attached to anamino terminus of said interferon protein and two chorionicgonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptides attached to a carboxy terminusof said interferon protein.
 3. The polypeptide of claim 1, wherein thesequence of said at least one CTP comprises an amino acid sequenceselected from the group comprising of: SEQ ID NO: 17 and SEQ ID NO: 18.4. The polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said interferon is a type Iinterferon.
 5. The polypeptide of claim 4, wherein said type Iinterferon is IFN-α or IFN-β.
 6. The polypeptide of claim 1, whereinsaid interferon is IFN-γ.
 7. The polypeptide of claim 1, wherein said atleast one CTP is glycosylated.
 8. The polypeptide of claim 1, whereinsaid at least one CTP is truncated.
 9. The polypeptide of claim 1,wherein the sequence of said polypeptide comprises an amino acidsequence of MOD 9013 set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 9. 10. The polypeptide ofclaim 1, wherein at least one CTP is attached to said IFN via a linker.11. The polypeptide of claim 10, wherein said linker is a peptide bond.12. The polypeptide of claim 1, further comprising a signal peptide. 13.The polypeptide of claim 12, wherein the sequence of said signal peptideis as set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 19. 14. A pharmaceutical compositioncomprising the polypeptide of claim
 1. 15. A polynucleotide comprising acoding portion encoding a polypeptide, said polypeptide comprising aninterferon (IFN) protein and at least one chorionic gonadotrophincarboxy terminal peptide (CTP) attached to an amino terminus of saidinterferon protein and at least two chorionic gonadotrophin carboxyterminal peptides attached to a carboxy terminus of said interferonprotein.
 16. The polynucleotide of claim 15, wherein said polypeptidecomprises one chorionic gonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptide attachedto an amino terminus of said interferon protein and two chorionicgonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptides attached to a carboxy terminusof said interferon protein.
 17. The polynucleotide of claim 15, whereinsaid polypeptide further comprises a signal peptide.
 18. Thepolynucleotide of claim 17, wherein the sequence of said signal peptideis as set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 19. 19. The polynucleotide of claim 15,wherein the sequence of said polynucleotide is selected from thesequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 10. 20. An expression vectorcomprising the polynucleotide of claim
 15. 21. A cell comprising theexpression vector of claim
 20. 22. A composition comprising theexpression vector of claim
 20. 23. A method of improving a biologicalhalf life of an interferon (IFN) protein, comprising the step ofattaching at least one chorionic gonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptideto an amino terminus of said IFN protein and at least two chorionicgonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptide to a carboxy terminus of saidinterferon (IFN) protein, thereby improving a biological half life of aninterferon (IFN) protein.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein said stepof attaching comprises one chorionic gonadotrophin carboxy terminalpeptide to an amino terminus of said IFN protein and two chorionicgonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptide to a carboxy terminus of saidinterferon (IFN) protein.
 25. The method of claim 23, wherein thesequence of at least one CTP comprises an amino acid sequence selectedfrom the the group comprising of: SEQ ID NO: 17 and SEQ ID NO:
 18. 26. Amethod of treating or reducing a disease treatable or reducible by aninterferon in a subject, said method comprising the step ofadministering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of thepolypeptide of claim 1, thereby treating or reducing a disease treatableor reducible by an interferon in a subject.
 27. A method of improving abiological half life of an interferon protein, comprising the steps of:(a) attaching at least one chorionic gonadotrophin carboxy terminalpeptide (CTP) to an amino terminus of said interferon protein; and (b)attaching at least two chorionic gonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptidesto a carboxy terminus of said interferon protein, thereby second atleast two chorionic gonadotrophin carboxy terminal peptide peptides tothe carboxy terminus of said peptide of interest, thereby improving abiological half life of an interferon protein.